What is 'Volumetric' video?
- Long duration
- 3D viewable video
- High contrast
- Loud audio
Explanation: Volumetric video captures a person or scene in 3D, allowing the viewer to walk around the subject within a VR or AR environment.
Which specific part of the electromagnetic spectrum is primarily utilized by Li-Fi technology for data transmission?
- Visible light
- Radio waves
- Microwaves
- Gamma rays
Explanation: Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) uses the visible light spectrum, specifically through rapidly pulsing LED bulbs, to transmit data at high speeds.
Which specific device is used to measure the loss and identify breaks along a fibre cable?
- OTDR
- Laser Spectrum Analyzer
- Digital Signal Tester
- Optical Power Meter
Explanation: The Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) sends light pulses and analyzes the backscattered light to map losses and faults.
Consider the following statements regarding biofortification:
1. Agronomic biofortification using genetic engineering can successfully increase the micronutrient density, such as iron and zinc, in staple crops.
2. The genetically engineered 'Purple Tomato' was developed to accumulate high levels of health-promoting anthocyanins.
3. In India, biofortified food crops are legally classified as Schedule H drugs and are regulated by the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO).
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is incorrect: Biofortified crops, whether conventional or GM, are regulated as food products by the FSSAI (and GEAC for cultivation approvals), not as Schedule H pharmaceutical drugs by the CDSCO.
Consider the following statements regarding categories of genetic modification:
1. Cisgenesis involves the artificial transfer of genes exclusively between organisms that are closely related and sexually compatible in nature.
2. Subgenesis is the standard regulatory term for transferring genes synthesized entirely from artificial chemical components in a laboratory.
3. Because they contain no foreign DNA from unrelated species, cisgenic crops are entirely exempt from the biosafety field trials required in India.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect: "Subgenesis" is not a recognized scientific or regulatory term in genetic engineering. Statement 3 is incorrect: Under current Indian regulations, unless specifically exempted (like certain SDN-1/SDN-2 gene-edited lines), cisgenic plants engineered via recombinant DNA methods still undergo regulatory scrutiny and field trials.
Consider the following statements regarding 'Edge Computing' in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT):
1. It involves processing data locally at or near the source of data generation rather than sending it to a centralized cloud.
2. It significantly reduces latency, making it highly suitable for real-time applications like autonomous vehicles.
3. It entirely replaces the need for cloud computing, making centralized data centers obsolete in modern IoT architectures.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1, 2, 3
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 2
- 1 and 3
Explanation: Statement 3 is incorrect. Edge computing complements cloud computing but does not replace it. The cloud is still required for heavy, long-term data storage, complex machine learning model training, and global network orchestration.
Consider the following statements regarding Segmented hexagonal mirror architecture vs monolithic design:
1. The primary mirror of the Hubble Space Telescope is composed of a ceramic-glass composite known as Zerodur, which was selected for its high thermal conductivity during the telescope's transit to the L2 Lagrange point.
2. The segmented hexagonal design of the James Webb Space Telescope allows for a total aperture diameter of 6.5 meters, which is achieved by overlapping the edges of the segments to eliminate diffraction spikes in the final imagery.
3. The 18 hexagonal segments of the James Webb Space Telescope are controlled by 126 individual actuators, which adjust the mirror curvature to compensate for gravitational deformation encountered during the telescope's orbit.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because Hubble orbits the Earth, not the L2 point, and Zerodur was chosen for its near-zero thermal expansion, not thermal conductivity. Statement 2 is false as the hexagonal segments are placed edge-to-edge to form a single large mirror, and the characteristic six-pointed diffraction spikes are actually caused by the mirror's hexagonal shape and support struts, not eliminated by overlapping. Statement 3 is incorrect because the actuators adjust the segments to correct for the lack of structural rigidity in space and thermal changes, but they do not compensate for gravitational deformation, as the telescope is effectively weightless in orbit.
The standard Hepatitis A vaccine provides immunity by utilizing which technological platform?
- Plasmid DNA vector
- Live attenuated virus
- Inactivated whole virus
- Protein subunit extract
Explanation: Hepatitis A vaccines are made using the whole virus that has been chemically killed (inactivated) using formaldehyde.
Consider the following statements regarding Quantum Key Distribution:
1. The National Quantum Mission, approved by the Union Cabinet in April 2023, allocates a budget of â‚ą6,003 crore for the development of quantum computers, with a specific provision for the deployment of a 2,000-kilometer terrestrial QKD network across the Himalayan border.
2. The 2016 launch of the Micius satellite by the Chinese Academy of Sciences facilitated the first intercontinental quantum-secured video call between Beijing and Vienna, utilizing the E91 protocol for entanglement-based key distribution.
3. The Tokyo QKD Network, operational since 2010, serves as the world's first multi-node quantum network, integrating the SARG04 protocol to enable secure data transmission between the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology and various commercial banking partners.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because while the National Quantum Mission has a budget of â‚ą6,003 crore, it targets a 2,000-kilometer QKD network across India, not specifically the Himalayan border. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Micius satellite utilized the BB84 protocol for its landmark 2017 intercontinental video call, not the E91 protocol. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Tokyo QKD Network, while a pioneer, primarily utilized the BB84 protocol rather than SARG04 for its operational key distribution.
What type of quantum gate is the Pauli-X gate analogous to in classical computing?
- Logic NOT
- Exclusive OR
- Boolean OR
- Classical AND
Explanation: The Pauli-X gate acts as a quantum bit-flip, mapping |0> to |1> and vice versa, directly mirroring the function of a classical NOT gate.
Cryogenic stages require small 'ullage' motors to perform which critical action in zero gravity before the main engine restarts?
- Spin entire rocket
- Cool outer tank
- Vent excess gas
- Settle liquid propellants
Explanation: In zero gravity, liquids float. Ullage motors provide a small forward thrust to push the liquid propellants to the bottom of the tank so the pumps don't suck in gas.
Which of the following describes a 'Hybrid Cloud' deployment model?
- A mix of public and private cloud environments.
- A server located in a moving vehicle or aircraft.
- A complex infrastructure that combines traditional on-premise hardware with satellite-based internet to provide services in remote areas.
- A cloud shared by multiple competing companies.
Explanation: Hybrid cloud allows data and applications to be shared between private and public clouds, providing greater flexibility and optimization.
Which 5G frequency band was the most expensive in India's 2022 spectrum auction?
- 700 MHz
- 1800 MHz
- 26 GHz
- 3.5 GHz
Explanation: The 700 MHz band, valued for its superior coverage and penetration, was the most expensive and sought-after band in the auction.
The first developmental flight, SSLV-D1, placed satellites into an unstable elliptical orbit instead of a circular one due to:
- Stage separation failure
- Sensor anomaly and software logic
- Engine thrust failure
- Propellant leakage
Explanation: An accelerometer failure during the flight caused the onboard software to trigger a 'salvage mode,' which successfully injected the satellites but into an incorrect, short-lived elliptical orbit.
What is 'Epoch' in the context of satellite tracking data (TLE)?
- Data speed
- Reference time
- Maximum altitude
- Satellite age
Explanation: In a Two-Line Element (TLE) set, the epoch is the specific point in time for which the orbital elements are calculated.
Consider the following statements regarding cellular organelles and the MRT procedure:
1. Human mitochondrial DNA is linear in its molecular structure, identical to the DNA chromosomes found in the cell nucleus.
2. Mitochondria are often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell because they generate the vast majority of the cell's adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
3. In a three-parent baby procedure, the donor woman provides her entire nucleus along with the healthy mitochondria.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect: Mitochondrial DNA is circular, bearing resemblance to bacterial DNA, unlike the linear chromosomes in the nucleus. Statement 3 is incorrect: The donor provides an enucleated egg containing healthy mitochondria; her nuclear DNA is discarded.
Regarding 'Cord Blood Banking', consider the following statements:
1. It preserves hematopoietic stem cells from the umbilical cord and placenta.
2. Private cord blood banking is medically recommended for all healthy births.
3. Cord blood stem cells can be used to treat various blood-related cancers.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1, 2, 3
- 1 and 3
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 2
Explanation: Statement 2 is incorrect. Major medical organizations generally do not recommend private banking for 'low-risk' families because the chance of a child using their own cord blood is extremely low; public donation is preferred.
With reference to the Stem Cell Niche, consider the following statements:
1. It is the microenvironment that regulates stem cell self-renewal and differentiation.
2. The niche provides chemical and mechanical signals to maintain cell stemness.
3. The extracellular matrix is a vital component of the anatomical stem cell niche.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 3
- 1, 2, 3
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
Explanation: All statements are correct. The niche is the biological home of the stem cell, providing all necessary signals (chemical, physical, and matrix-based) to control its behavior.
Consider the following statements regarding Air-Launched space vehicles:
1. Dropping a launch vehicle from a carrier aircraft helps bypass the densest part of the lower atmosphere, providing an initial velocity and altitude boost.
2. Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo is a heavy-lift orbital launch vehicle designed to deploy large satellite constellations.
3. The Pegasus rocket, developed by Orbital Sciences, is a fully reusable air-launched rocket system.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Only statement 1 is correct. Air-launching reduces drag and gravity losses. Statement 2 is incorrect because SpaceShipTwo is a suborbital spaceplane designed for space tourism, not an orbital heavy-lift vehicle. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Pegasus rocket, while air-launched, is completely expendable.
Consider the following statements about 'Origin Shielding' in Content Delivery Network (CDN) architectures:
1. It introduces an intermediate caching layer between the geographically dispersed edge servers and the central origin server.
2. It physically encrypts the user's local hard drive to prevent the unauthorized download of cached DRM content.
3. It protects the core origin server from being overwhelmed by simultaneous requests during highly anticipated live events.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 2 and 3
- 1, 2, 3
- 1 and 2
- 1 and 3
Explanation: Statement 2 is incorrect. Origin Shielding is a network architecture strategy to protect the central server's capacity by consolidating edge requests. It has nothing to do with encrypting local user hard drives.
The 'Global Commission' to end the diagnostic odyssey primarily advocates for the integration of which technology?
- Interoperable health data
- Physical therapy
- Manual records
- Local pharmacies
Explanation: The Commission emphasizes that sharing and linking digital health data across borders is vital for diagnosing ultra-rare conditions.
What is the basic, fundamental unit of quantum information in a gate-based quantum computer?
- Qubit
- Bit
- Byte
- Quantum state
Explanation: A qubit (quantum bit) is the foundational unit of quantum information, differing from a classical bit by its ability to exist in a superposition of states.
The 'PUREX' process in the nuclear fuel cycle is primarily used for:
- Spent fuel reprocessing
- Heavy water production
- Reactor cooling
- Isotope enrichment
Explanation: Plutonium Uranium Reduction Extraction (PUREX) is the standard method for extracting uranium and plutonium from spent nuclear fuel.
Which fundamental SI derived unit directly quantifies the biological dose equivalent of ionizing radiation absorbed by human living tissues?
- Sievert
- Becquerel
- Gray
- Curie
Explanation: The Sievert (Sv) measures the health effect of low levels of ionizing radiation on the human body, accounting for the type of radiation and the sensitivity of the exposed tissues.
What is the heaviest naturally occurring primordial radioisotope found in substantial quantities in the Earth's crust?
- Uranium 238
- Radium 226
- Plutonium 244
- Thorium 232
Explanation: Uranium-238 is the heaviest naturally occurring element found in significant abundance, possessing a half-life roughly equal to the age of the Earth.
Consider the following statements about AI 'Hallucinations':
1. They occur when a model generates confident but factually incorrect assertions.
2. Hallucinations result from the model's inability to access its hardware memory.
3. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a technique used to minimize these errors.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- 1 and 2
- 1, 2, 3
Explanation: Statement 2 is incorrect. Hallucinations are a software/probabilistic phenomenon related to token prediction logic, not a hardware memory failure.
What is the primary purpose of the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV)?
- On-demand launching
- Manned missions
- Deep space exploration
- Heavy cargo transport
Explanation: SSLV is designed for quick, cost-effective, 'on-demand' launches of small satellites into Low Earth Orbit with minimal infrastructure.
What is 'Birefringence' in optical fibres?
- Double refractive index
- Rapid pulse generation
- Total light absorption
- Core cladding fusion
Explanation: Birefringence occurs when a material has a refractive index that depends on the polarization and propagation direction of light.
The Artemis Accords are legally structured as what type of international instrument?
- Binding UN treaty
- Customary international law
- UNSC resolution
- Non binding commitments
Explanation: The Artemis Accords are a series of bilateral, non-binding political commitments grounded in the Outer Space Treaty, not a formal new UN treaty.
What is the primary technical purpose of 'Project West Ford' (1963), which remains a major source of long-lived debris?
- ICBM interception
- Solar wind mapping
- Magnetic shielding
- Radio communication
Explanation: Project West Ford placed 480 million copper needles into orbit to create a permanent radio-reflecting belt, many of which clumped together and still orbit Earth.
PARAM Ishan, an older but significant supercomputer, was inaugurated in 2016 at which northeastern institute?
- NIT Patna
- IIT Delhi
- IIT Guwahati
- Assam Uni
Explanation: PARAM Ishan was one of the fastest supercomputers in the northeastern, eastern, and southern regions when it was installed at IIT Guwahati in 2016.
Consider the following statements regarding insect resistance and pest management:
1. The insecticidal toxins produced by Bt crops are universally lethal to all insect species, including beneficial pollinators like honeybees.
2. The widespread adoption of Bt Cotton has successfully resulted in the global eradication of the bollworm pest species.
3. Agricultural 'refuge' areas involve planting heavily modified, high-toxin Bt crops on the borders of fields to trap and kill pests before they reach the center.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect: Bt toxins are highly specific to certain insect orders (like Lepidoptera or Coleoptera) and do not harm bees. Statement 2 is incorrect: Bollworms have not been eradicated; in fact, significant resistance has evolved in some populations. Statement 3 is incorrect: A refuge is an area planted with non-Bt crops to allow a population of susceptible insects to survive, diluting resistant genes in the pest population.
What is the boundary called where the solar wind's strength drops below the pressure of the interstellar medium?
- Heliosphere boundary
- Magnetopause boundary
- Termination shock
- Heliopause boundary
Explanation: The heliopause is the theoretical boundary where the Sun's solar wind is stopped by the interstellar medium, marking the edge of the heliosphere.
Regarding 'Quantization' in AI, consider these statements:
1. It reduces the precision of model weights to save memory and storage.
2. Quantization allows 70B models to run on high-end consumer laptops.
3. It significantly increases the electrical power consumed by the AI.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 3
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 2
- 1, 2, 3
Explanation: Statement 3 is incorrect. Quantization actually reduces energy consumption because lower-precision calculations require fewer hardware cycles and less power.
In the economics of the metaverse, the 'Creator Economy' model primarily relies on the continuous generation of:
- State subsidies
- User generated content
- Ad revenues
- Corporate sponsorships
Explanation: The Creator Economy thrives on independent users designing, building, and monetizing their own 3D assets, games, and experiences within the platform.
What happens to the light signal if the fibre is bent beyond its 'Critical Bending Radius'?
- Light leaks out
- Fibre becomes radioactive
- Signal speed increases
- Wavelength shifts blue
Explanation: Excessive bending causes light to strike the cladding at an angle smaller than the critical angle, causing it to escape the core (bending loss).
To maintain a constant data downlink, NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) was placed into which specific orbit?
- Solar Polar orbit
- Low Earth orbit
- Lunar Halo orbit
- Geosynchronous orbit
Explanation: SDO orbits Earth in a geosynchronous orbit, allowing it to maintain a continuous, high-speed data link with its dedicated ground station in New Mexico.
Consider the following statements about 'Digital Twin' technology:
1. It is a dynamic, real-time virtual representation of a physical object, system, or industrial process.
2. It continuously relies on a bidirectional flow of data from IoT sensors attached to the physical counterpart to update the virtual model.
3. Its application is strictly limited to the video gaming and digital entertainment industries.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- 1 and 2
- 1, 2, 3
Explanation: Statement 3 is incorrect. Digital Twins are a cornerstone of 'Industry 4.0' and the Industrial IoT (IIoT). They are extensively used in manufacturing, urban planning, aerospace, and predictive maintenance.
Consider the following statements regarding 'FinOps' (Cloud Financial Management):
1. It is a cultural practice that brings financial accountability to the variable spend model of the cloud.
2. It aims to eliminate all cloud spending to maximize corporate profit.
3. It involves cross-functional collaboration between engineering, finance, and business teams.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 2 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
- 1 only
- 1 and 3 only
Explanation: Statement 2 is incorrect; FinOps is not about spending 'zero', but about aligning cloud spending with business value and optimizing investment.
Approximately how long does it take for a radio signal to travel from the Moon to Earth?
- 1.3 seconds
- One minute
- 30 seconds
- 8.5 seconds
Explanation: At an average distance of 384,400 km, light and radio waves take roughly 1.28 seconds to travel between the Earth and the Moon.
Which Lagrange points are considered 'Stable', allowing objects to stay there with minimal fuel?
- L1 and L2
- L2 and L3
- L4 and L5
- L1 and L3
Explanation: L4 and L5 are stable points where objects (like Trojan asteroids) can remain naturally trapped; L1, L2, and L3 are unstable.
PARAM Ananta, commissioned under the NSM, is deployed at which specific institution?
- Indian Institute Technology
- Gandhinagar IIT
- Bhubaneswar Tech
- IIT Mandi
Explanation: PARAM Ananta is an 838 Teraflops supercomputing facility commissioned at IIT Gandhinagar to support multidisciplinary research.
Which specific chemical process is most commonly used in India for the production of heavy water?
- Vitrification
- Centrifugation
- Purex process
- Girdler-Sulphide process
Explanation: The Girdler-Sulphide (GS) process involves an exchange of isotopes between water and hydrogen sulphide gas, used at several Indian heavy water plants.
The 2023 launch of the NVS-01 satellite marked the successful maiden flight of an indigenously developed what on a NavIC payload?
- Ion thruster
- Star sensor
- Solar panel
- Atomic clock
Explanation: After importing clocks for the first generation, ISRO successfully developed and deployed its own indigenous Rubidium atomic clock on the NVS-01 satellite.
Which CRISPR protein is classified as a Type V system and recognizes a T-rich PAM (TTTN)?
Explanation: Cas12a (Cpf1) belongs to the Type V class, utilizing a single RuvC domain and recognizing T-rich PAM sequences, unlike the G-rich PAM used by Cas9.
Does Article VIII of the OST allow a State to legally retain ownership of its space object while it operates in outer space?
- Only for satellites
- No becomes global
- Only if manned
- Yes retains ownership
Explanation: Article VIII explicitly states that ownership of objects launched into outer space is not affected by their presence in outer space or on a celestial body.
Medical records and corporate databases securely kept behind login screens are classified under the?
- Surface Web
- Deep Web
- Mariana Web
- Dark Net
Explanation: Any content hidden behind paywalls, passwords, or CAPTCHAs that is inaccessible to standard search engines forms the Deep Web.
Which heavy radioisotope serves as the primary fissile fuel utilized in commercial nuclear power reactors globally?
- Plutonium 238
- Thorium 232
- Uranium 235
- Radium 226
Explanation: Uranium-235 is the only naturally occurring fissile isotope, meaning it can sustain a nuclear fission chain reaction, making it the primary fuel for nuclear reactors.
Which operating mode is considered highly insecure for block ciphers because identical plaintext blocks always produce identical ciphertext blocks?
- Electronic Codebook
- Cipher Block Chaining
- Galois Counter Mode
- Output Feedback
Explanation: Electronic Codebook (ECB) mode encrypts identical plaintext blocks into identical ciphertext blocks, inadvertently revealing data patterns.
Consider the following statements regarding ISRO's RLV Landing Experiments (LEX):
1. The LEX missions involved carrying the RLV test vehicle as a slung load under an IAF Chinook helicopter and dropping it for an autonomous landing.
2. The LEX missions were conducted at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota to utilize its specialized launch pads.
3. The RLV 'Pushpak' utilizes a parachute-only descent mechanism without any aerodynamic glide capabilities.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Only statement 1 is correct. ISRO used a Chinook helicopter to drop the vehicle from an altitude. Statement 2 is incorrect because the LEX missions were conducted at the Aeronautical Test Range (ATR) in Chitradurga, Karnataka. Statement 3 is incorrect because 'Pushpak' relies heavily on aerodynamic gliding (wings and tail fins) to maneuver and land like an aircraft, not just parachutes.
The 'UTXO' (Unspent Transaction Output) model, used by Bitcoin, tracks ownership by:
- Maintaining a simple balance sheet for each user.
- Recording the biometric fingerprints of the user every time they attempt to access their digital wallet from a new geographical location or different hardware device.
- Tracking the history of individual pieces of currency.
- Calculating the total staking time of a specific node.
Explanation: In the UTXO model, there are no 'accounts' or 'balances' at the protocol level; the system tracks the outputs of previous transactions that have not yet been spent.
In the context of GEO disposal, the 'Perigee Increase' formula ($300 + 10.6 imes A/m$) includes the term 'A/m'. What does this term represent?
- Altitude per meter
- Angle of momentum
- Apsis over mass
- Area-to-mass ratio
Explanation: The area-to-mass ratio accounts for the effect of solar radiation pressure; high area-to-mass objects require a higher graveyard orbit to ensure they don't drift back.
Regarding the 'Attention' mechanism in Transformers, consider these statements:
1. It allows the model to weigh the importance of different parts of input data.
2. Self-attention enables tokens to interact with other tokens in the same sequence.
3. The mechanism requires tokens to be processed in a strict chronological order.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 3
- 1, 2, 3
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 2
Explanation: Statement 3 is incorrect. Unlike Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), the attention mechanism allows for parallel processing of tokens rather than strict sequential/chronological processing.
Which international treaty heavily guides cybercrime investigations related to dark web activities?
- Geneva Convention
- Budapest Convention
- Paris Agreement
- Kyoto Protocol
Explanation: The Budapest Convention on Cybercrime is the first international treaty seeking to harmonize national laws and improve cybercrime investigations globally.
When a biometric system totally fails to capture a usable initial sample from a user during their registration phase, it is recorded as:
- Failure To Enroll
- False Acceptance Rate
- Equal Error Rate
- False Rejection Rate
Explanation: Failure to Enroll (FTE) occurs when the system cannot extract a valid template during the initial setup, often due to physical impairments like worn fingerprints.
Which of the following is an example of 'SaaS'?
- Google Workspace
- Docker Desktop
- Amazon EC2
- Microsoft Azure SQL
Explanation: Google Workspace (formerly G Suite) is Software as a Service, where the application is accessed via a web browser and managed entirely by the provider.
Which vaccine platform provides the strongest, longest-lasting immunity but is contraindicated for immunocompromised individuals?
- Live attenuated virus
- Recombinant DNA
- Inactivated virus
- Subunit protein
Explanation: Live attenuated vaccines use a weakened form of the germ. While highly effective, they can theoretically mutate or cause disease in individuals with compromised immune systems.
The 'Gas Fee' on the Ethereum network is paid using which currency?
- US Dollar
- Bitcoin
- Ether (ETH)
- Stablecoins
Explanation: Gas fees are the transaction costs on the Ethereum network, paid in the network's native currency, Ether (ETH), to compensate miners or validators.
Consider the following statements regarding rocket engines used in RLVs:
1. Full-flow staged combustion engines, like the SpaceX Raptor, are highly efficient because all the propellants pass through the turbines before entering the main combustion chamber.
2. The Merlin engines on the Falcon 9 use liquid hydrogen (LH2) as their primary fuel to maximize their specific impulse.
3. Aerospike engines are strictly avoided in reusable vehicle concepts because their performance severely degrades at sea level.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Only statement 1 is correct. Full-flow staged combustion routes all fuel and oxidizer through pre-burners to drive the turbines, eliminating wasted propellant exhaust. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Merlin engine uses RP-1 (kerosene), not liquid hydrogen. Statement 3 is incorrect because the defining feature of an aerospike engine is its altitude compensation, meaning it retains high performance at *both* sea level and in a vacuum, making it highly desirable for SSTO/RLV concepts.
Consider the following statements regarding the Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) at Kalpakkam:
1. The FBTR was the first reactor in the world to successfully use a unique mixed plutonium-uranium carbide fuel core.
2. The thermal efficiency of a Fast Breeder Reactor using liquid sodium coolant is lower than that of a standard Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor.
3. The Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) was established specifically to conduct R&D on fast breeder reactor technology and its associated fuel cycle.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is incorrect: Liquid sodium coolants operate at much higher temperatures (around 500-550°C) without boiling compared to water coolants, allowing fast breeder reactors to achieve a higher thermal efficiency (approx 40%) than PHWRs (approx 30%).