Which specialized waveform is being proposed for 6G to handle high-mobility environments better than 5G's OFDM?
- Binary ASK
- Morse code
- Analog FM
- OTFS
Explanation: Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (OTFS) is a candidate 6G waveform designed to be more resilient to the Doppler effect at high speeds.
In 6G, the term 'Space-Air-Ground-Sea' integration refers to:
- Weather forecasting
- Deep-sea mining
- Three-dimensional coverage
- Aviation fuel
Explanation: 6G seeks to provide 3D coverage by integrating terrestrial networks with satellites, drones, and high-altitude platforms.
India's '6G Testbed' project is being primarily developed by which group of institutions?
- Foreign NGOs
- IITs and IISc
- Local startups
- Private banks
Explanation: A collaborative group including various IITs and the Indian Institute of Science is developing the indigenous 6G testbed.
Which of these is a 'Mid-band' frequency typically used in 5G deployments in India?
- 100 GHz
- 26 GHz
- 3.5 GHz
- 700 MHz
Explanation: The 3.3-3.6 GHz band is considered the 'sweet spot' for 5G, offering a balance between coverage and capacity.
In 5G, the core network is virtualized. In 6G, the focus shifts toward which architectural concept?
- Edge intelligence
- Centralized hubs
- Manual switching
- Fixed line
Explanation: 6G will push AI and processing power to the very 'edge' of the network, closer to the end-user, to minimize delay.
Which hardware component will become 'Programmable' in 6G to redirect signals intelligently?
- Copper cables
- Plastic cases
- Battery cells
- RIS surfaces
Explanation: Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) can reflect or refract electromagnetic waves to bypass obstacles in 6G networks.
The 6G vision of 'Internet of Senses' includes which of the following?
- Visual only
- Text only
- Haptic feedback
- Audio only
Explanation: The Internet of Senses aims to transmit touch (haptics) and other sensory data with extreme precision via 6G.
India's 6G mission aims to secure what percentage of global 6G patents by 2030?
- Over ten percent
- One percent
- Zero percent
- Fifty percent
Explanation: The Bharat 6G Mission explicitly aims for India to contribute to and own more than 10% of global 6G IP and patents.
What is the primary target for 'Positioning Accuracy' in 6G compared to the meter-level accuracy of 5G?
- Fixed location
- Centimeter-level
- Kilometer-level
- Ten meters
Explanation: 6G aims for high-precision positioning with centimeter-level accuracy (under 10cm), essential for autonomous robotics.
6G will utilize 'Non-Terrestrial Networks' (NTN). What does this primarily refer to?
- Fiber optics
- Copper wiring
- Undersea cables
- Satellite links
Explanation: 6G aims to provide truly global coverage by integrating terrestrial towers with Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations.
The concept of 'Energy Harvesting' in 6G envisions devices that power themselves using:
- Wired plugs
- Ambient RF
- Diesel generators
- Lead batteries
Explanation: 6G research includes devices that can harvest energy from background radio signals, potentially leading to battery-less IoT sensors.
What is the 6G 'Area Traffic Capacity' target compared to 5G?
- Ten times
- Half capacity
- 100 times
- Same level
Explanation: 6G is designed to handle 100 times the area traffic capacity of 5G, reaching 10-100 Mbps per square meter.
What is the primary latency target for 6G communications compared to the 1 millisecond target of 5G?
- Ten milliseconds
- Hundred milliseconds
- Sub-millisecond
- Five milliseconds
Explanation: 6G aims for air interface latency of less than 0.1 milliseconds (sub-millisecond), enabling near-instantaneous real-time responses.
The 'O-RAN' movement, vital for 5G and 6G, promotes:
- Monopoly trade
- Open hardware
- Analog signals
- Closed systems
Explanation: Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) allows for interoperability between different vendors' hardware and software.
Which of these is a core service pillar of 5G that 6G aims to expand into 'Hyper-Reliable' communication?
Explanation: Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) is a 5G pillar that 6G will evolve into even more stringent reliability standards.
What is the targeted 'Reliability' percentage for 6G mission-critical applications?
- 100.0%
- 99.999%
- 99.99999%
- 99.9%
Explanation: 6G targets 'seven nines' (99.99999%) reliability, crucial for autonomous transport and industrial automation.
Which tech involves 'Brain-Computer Interfaces' (BCI) as a potential 6G application?
- Voice commands
- Keyboard typing
- Mouse clicks
- Neural connectivity
Explanation: 6G's ultra-low latency may enable real-time Brain-Computer Interfaces for controlling devices through thought.
What is the primary barrier to Terahertz waves in 6G that was less severe for 5G sub-6GHz waves?
- Slow speed
- Atmospheric absorption
- High cost
- Data piracy
Explanation: Higher frequency Terahertz waves are easily absorbed by moisture and obstacles, requiring very dense small-cell deployments.
Which 5G standard allowed for the use of 4G core infrastructure to speed up deployment?
- Standalone
- Non-Standalone
- Fiber-only
- Hybrid-analog
Explanation: Non-Standalone (NSA) 5G uses the existing 4G LTE core, while Standalone (SA) uses a dedicated 5G core.
6G will likely enable 'Holographic Communications.' This requires much higher _______ than 5G.
- Antenna size
- Bandwidth
- Area traffic
- Signal noise
Explanation: Holographic telepresence requires massive amounts of data to be transmitted simultaneously, necessitating 6G's Terahertz bandwidth.
What is the primary 'backhaul' technology expected to support 6G's massive data loads?
- Copper wires
- Analog radio
- Satellite only
- Optical wireless
Explanation: Free Space Optics (FSO) or optical wireless backhaul will be critical for the high-speed data requirements of 6G.
Which 6G tech allows for data transmission through the 'Skin' for medical wearables?
- Satellite links
- Fiber optics
- Microwave ovens
- Intra-body comms
Explanation: 6G research includes using the human body as a safe medium for low-power, high-security data between medical sensors.
6G is expected to facilitate 'IoE.' What does this acronym stand for?
- Internet of Everything
- Internal of Energy
- Industry of Excellence
- Internet of Everyone
Explanation: Moving beyond IoT, 6G envisions an 'Internet of Everything' where people, processes, data, and things are all intelligently connected.
In the context of network evolution, what is the theoretical peak data rate target for 6G technology?
- 500 Mbps
- 10 Gbps
- 1 Tbps
- 100 Gbps
Explanation: 6G aims for a peak data rate of 1 Terabit per second (Tbps), which is roughly 100 times faster than the 10 Gbps peak of 5G.
Which Indian city is the headquarters of the 'Telecommunication Engineering Centre' (TEC) involved in 6G?
- Bengaluru
- Chennai
- New Delhi
- Mumbai
Explanation: The TEC, located in New Delhi, is the technical wing of the Department of Telecommunications (DoT).
The '6G Global Summit' is a major event for aligning international:
- Visa rules
- Roadmaps
- Border walls
- Tax rates
Explanation: Global summits allow different countries (India, EU, USA, Japan, Korea) to align their research and commercialization timelines.
In 6G, the 'User Plane' and 'Control Plane' will be optimized using:
- Paper logs
- Simple switches
- Machine Learning
- Manual dials
Explanation: AI/ML algorithms will replace traditional mathematical models to optimize data flow (User Plane) and signaling (Control Plane).
Which specific 'G' generation first introduced the concept of 'Network Slicing'?
- Third Generation
- Fourth Generation
- Fifth Generation
- Sixth Generation
Explanation: 5G introduced network slicing to create multiple virtual networks for different use cases (e.g., IoT vs. Mobile Broadband).
Which 6G pillar focuses on 'Sustainability' and reducing the carbon footprint of ICT?
- Military 6G
- Green 6G
- Global 6G
- Fast 6G
Explanation: Green 6G focuses on sustainable design, energy-efficient hardware, and reducing the environmental impact of the network.
Compared to 5G, 6G's 'Spectral Efficiency' is expected to improve by:
- 3-5 times
- 100 times
- No improvement
- Half
Explanation: 6G targets a 3x to 5x improvement in spectral efficiency over 5G to maximize the utility of available frequencies.
Which 6G concept involves using the human body as a medium for low-power communication?
- Broadband
- WBAN
- Satellite link
- WiFi mesh
Explanation: Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) are a 6G research area for health monitoring and wearable integration.
Which technological concept involves creating a real-time digital replica of physical objects, a key use case for 6G?
- Digital Twins
- Cloud storage
- Web hosting
- Data mining
Explanation: The ultra-high speed and low latency of 6G will enable sophisticated Digital Twins of cities, factories, and even humans.
Which new spectrum, beyond traditional radio frequencies, is being researched for short-range 6G communication?
- Sound waves
- Infra-sonic waves
- Visible light
- X-ray beams
Explanation: Visible Light Communication (VLC) or Li-Fi is being considered for 6G to provide ultra-high-speed data in indoor environments.
Which type of 'Slicing' in 6G will be more granular than 5G's network slicing?
- Static slicing
- Broad slicing
- Deep slicing
- Manual slicing
Explanation: 6G introduces 'Deep Slicing' which allows for dynamic, real-time allocation of resources at a much more granular level.
The 5G concept of 'Network Slicing' allows for:
- Physical cuts
- Dividing towers
- Virtual networks
- Lower speeds
Explanation: Network slicing allows operators to create multiple virtual networks with different characteristics on a single physical 5G infrastructure.
Which international body is responsible for setting the 'IMT-2030' requirements, which define 6G?
- The ITU
- The WTO
- The WHO
- The UNESCO
Explanation: The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) sets the global standards and requirements for each generation of mobile telephony.
Which specific frequency range is expected to be the primary differentiator for 6G compared to 5G's Millimeter Wave (mmWave)?
- Terahertz waves
- Microwaves
- Megahertz waves
- Radio waves
Explanation: While 5G utilizes the mmWave spectrum (24-52 GHz), 6G is expected to utilize the sub-terahertz and terahertz (100 GHz to 3 THz) bands.
Which advanced computing paradigm is expected to merge with 6G to handle massive real-time data processing?
- Paper filing
- Quantum computing
- Mechanical sorting
- Manual entry
Explanation: Quantum computing is expected to provide the computational power required for complex 6G resource optimization and security.
Compared to 5G, 6G security will rely more on which advanced computing principle?
- Quantum-safe
- Manual logs
- Paper trails
- Binary logic
Explanation: As quantum computing advances, 6G networks will incorporate quantum-resistant cryptography to ensure long-term data security.
6G aims to reduce 'Jitter' significantly. What is jitter?
- Total speed
- Delay variation
- Battery life
- Antenna height
Explanation: Jitter is the variation in the time delay between data packets; 6G aims for near-zero jitter for industrial precision.
6G 'Sub-Terahertz' frequencies typically fall within which range?
- 100-300 GHz
- 500-800 kHz
- 10-20 MHz
- 1-5 GHz
Explanation: The sub-THz band (100-300 GHz) is the initial frontier for 6G's ultra-wide bandwidth requirements.
By which year does India's Bharat 6G Vision plan to see a commercial rollout of 6G services?
- Year 2030
- Year 2028
- Year 2026
- Year 2035
Explanation: The Government of India has targeted the year 2030 for the full-scale commercial launch of 6G in the country.
Compared to 5G, 6G will move from 'Experience-based' to what kind of network management?
- Knowledge-based
- Manual-based
- Hardware-limited
- Single-user
Explanation: 6G uses a 'Knowledge-based' approach, where the network learns from historical data to predict and optimize future states.
Which specific technological shift describes 6G's transition from 5G's 'Small Cells' to a decentralized structure?
- Analog repeaters
- Mega-cell hubs
- Fixed-line nodes
- Cell-free architecture
Explanation: 6G is moving toward a cell-free architecture where a user is served by multiple access points simultaneously, eliminating traditional cell boundaries.
India's 'Bharat 6G Alliance' is a collaborative platform involving which sectors?
- Foreign banks
- Military only
- Agriculture only
- Industry and Academia
Explanation: The Bharat 6G Alliance (B6GA) brings together domestic industry, startups, and academic institutions to build a 6G ecosystem.
Which 6G component is designed to act like a 'Digital Mirror' of the physical world?
- Copper network
- Fixed phone
- Analog radio
- Cyber-physical system
Explanation: 6G will enable highly integrated Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) where the digital and physical worlds are synchronized.
Which organization's 'Study Group 5' is a key forum where India contributes to 6G international standards?
- The ITU-R
- The WTO
- The OPEC
- The NATO
Explanation: The International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) Study Group 5 focuses on terrestrial services and 6G standards.
Which Indian initiative was launched to spearhead the country's leadership in the development of 6G standards?
- 6G Swadeshi
- Atmanirbhar Net
- Bharat 6G
- Digital India
Explanation: The 'Bharat 6G Mission' and the Bharat 6G Vision Document were launched to position India as a global leader in 6G by 2030.
Which 5G frequency band was the most expensive in India's 2022 spectrum auction?
- 700 MHz
- 1800 MHz
- 26 GHz
- 3.5 GHz
Explanation: The 700 MHz band, valued for its superior coverage and penetration, was the most expensive and sought-after band in the auction.
The 'Self-healing' capability in 6G networks will be primarily driven by:
- Manual repair
- Fiber replacement
- Autonomous AI
- Toll collection
Explanation: 6G networks will use AI to automatically detect, diagnose, and fix network issues without human intervention.
What is the primary energy efficiency goal of 6G compared to 5G?
- Higher consumption
- Lower power
- Constant energy
- Battery reliance
Explanation: 6G aims to be significantly more energy-efficient, potentially enabling 'zero-energy' devices that harvest power from ambient waves.
Which new capability, absent in 5G, is being integrated as a core feature in 6G architecture?
- Data encryption
- Network sensing
- Voice calling
- Video streaming
Explanation: 6G introduces 'Integrated Sensing and Communication' (ISAC), allowing the network to act like a radar to perceive its physical environment.
What is the 'Spectrum Efficiency' goal for 6G relative to 5G?
- Five times
- Three times
- No change
- Double
Explanation: 6G aims to transmit three times more bits per second per Hertz compared to 5G.
Which antenna technology, evolving from 5G's Massive MIMO, will be used in 6G?
- Dipole arrays
- Tera-MIMO
- Analog sticks
- Single antenna
Explanation: Tera-MIMO involves using thousands of tiny antennas to handle the characteristics of Terahertz frequencies.
Regarding the 'Connection Density,' 6G aims to support how many devices per square kilometer?
- One crore
- One lakh
- Ten thousand
- Ten lakhs
Explanation: While 5G supports 10 lakh (1 million) devices per sq km, 6G is targeting 1 crore (10 million) devices per sq km.
Which 6G use case involves the transmission of 'Smell' and 'Taste' data?
- Simple SMS
- Multi-sensory XR
- Voice calls
- Email sync
Explanation: 6G aims for Extended Reality (XR) that incorporates multiple senses, including haptics, smell, and taste, via high-speed links.
Which 6G use case involves high-precision coordination for remote surgeries?
- Tactile Internet
- eMBB
- Web browsing
- mMTC
Explanation: The Tactile Internet requires the extremely low latency of 6G to transmit touch and feel in real-time.
5G technology is often described as 'AI-Augmented,' whereas 6G is expected to be:
- Cloud-free
- AI-Native
- Analog-based
- Hardware-focused
Explanation: 6G architecture will be AI-native, meaning Artificial Intelligence will manage the air interface and network protocols inherently.
Regarding mobility, 6G is designed to support communication for devices traveling up to what speed?
- 200 km/h
- 500 km/h
- 2000 km/h
- 1000 km/h
Explanation: 6G aims to support high-speed mobility up to 1000 km/h, making it suitable for high-speed Maglev trains and commercial aircraft.
The transition from 5G to 6G is characterized as moving from 'Connected Things' to:
- Connected Intelligence
- Isolated nodes
- Offline modes
- Analog systems
Explanation: 6G emphasizes the seamless integration of AI across the entire network, moving beyond simple connectivity.