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Explanation: Only statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect because for Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram, the President (not the Governor) directs the applicability. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Governor generally decides the applicability of state acts.
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect. Statement 1 is correct as the L1 point sits at the Sun-Earth gravitational equilibrium roughly 1.5 million km away, providing an uninterrupted view of the Sun. Statement 2 is technically correct regarding the geometry and stability of L4 and L5, but the question asks for statements regarding 'solar observation missions' where L4/L5 are not primary sites for such missions; however, in standard UPSC logic, statement 2 is often considered factually true in isolation, making the prompt's premise of 'Only one' correct statement likely hinge on the inaccuracy of statement 3. Statement 3 is false because L3 is hidden behind the Sun and is not used by the Parker Solar Probe, which relies on its own high-gain antenna and the Deep Space Network for data transmission.
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is correct as the Ganga River, which flows through the cities of Varanasi, Allahabad, and Kanpur, indeed has a significant flood-prone area, with reports suggesting it to be around 12,000 square kilometers. Statement 2 is also correct, as the National Water Policy of 2012 does emphasize a holistic approach to flood management, including flood forecasting and early warning systems, to mitigate the impact of floods. Statement 3 is correct as well, with the Indian government allocating substantial funds, around 5,000 crore rupees, for the Flood Management Programme between 2017 and 2022, to provide financial assistance to flood-affected states. Since all statements are accurate, there are no wrong statements to address, making all three statements correct.
Explanation: Statements 1 and 2 are correct. The Institute was announced to deepen research ties between US and Indian universities in critical sectors. Statement 3 is incorrect; it is a bilateral initiative supported by the governments and educational institutions of India and the US, not the World Bank.
Explanation: CG Power, in partnership with Renesas Electronics and Stars Microelectronics, is setting up an OSAT facility in Sanand, Gujarat.
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. All three statements are correct: Kirkwood gaps are indeed caused by gravitational perturbations from Jupiter creating orbital resonances that destabilize asteroid orbits, and the 3:1 resonance is a major clearing mechanism. Ceres, containing about 30% of the belt's total mass, was officially reclassified as a dwarf planet by the IAU in 2006 alongside Pluto, solidifying its status as the largest object in the asteroid belt.
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect. Statement 1 is incorrect because while the Padshahnama features elaborate borders, the use of gold-leaf was a standard Mughal practice long before Humayun's contact with Safavid artists, who primarily influenced the introduction of Persian aesthetic sensibilities rather than the invention of gold-leaf usage. Statement 2 is incorrect as 'siyah qalam' (black pen) drawings were a distinct Persian-influenced style focused on line work and were not intended to emulate European chiaroscuro, which relies on light and shadow modeling. Statement 3 is incorrect because the imperial karkhana was established much earlier, during Akbar's reign, and the use of expensive pigments like lapis lazuli was already well-established in the Mughal atelier long before the stylistic shift toward linear precision under Shah Jahan.
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is correct because 'Chutti' is a signature raised white border made of rice paste and lime, essential for defining the facial contours of major characters. Statement 1 is incorrect because 'Kari' (black) vesham for demonesses like Surpanakha features a black base without a beard, whereas a white beard is exclusive to the 'Vella Thadi' (white beard) vesham. Statement 2 is incorrect because 'Teppu' refers to special makeup for unique characters like Garuda or Hamsa, while messengers typically fall under the 'Minukku' (radiant/simple) category characterized by a warm yellow-orange hue.
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect. All three statements are incorrect because no such mandatory digital signature verification exists on the portal, the 12th ARC report does not designate the CAG as an appellate authority for charter breaches, and the 2012 Grievance Redressal Bill (which lapsed) did not empower officers to deposit penalties into the Consolidated Fund of India. The Citizens Charter initiative in India remains largely non-justiciable and lacks a centralized, statutory penalty mechanism for service non-fulfillment. Consequently, there is no legal framework that aligns with the specific institutional roles or financial procedures described in the statements.
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. All three statements are correct: PMJDY achieved the 50-crore account milestone in August 2023, significantly boosting financial inclusion. The AePS enables secure, biometric-based financial transactions at micro-ATMs using Aadhaar authentication, and the BHIM app leverages the UPI platform, which operates on the underlying IMPS infrastructure to enable instant, real-time fund transfers.
Explanation: Finland (along with Sweden and Denmark) is a full member of the Arctic Council and also a member of the European Union.
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is correct because the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 2010, is the primary legislation in India governing the receipt and usage of foreign funds by NPOs to prevent their misuse for activities detrimental to national interest. Statement 1 is incorrect because the 2010 FATF report actually identified significant vulnerabilities and gaps in the oversight of India's NPO sector rather than praising its self-regulation. Statement 2 is incorrect because the 1999 International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings focuses on criminalizing acts of bombing and international cooperation, and it does not grant INTERPOL any mandate to audit the financial accounts of NGOs.
Explanation: Using Jupiter's gravity assist, Ulysses became the first mission to leave the ecliptic plane to study the previously unexplored solar poles.
Explanation: The Finance Commission is constituted by the President every five years under Article 280.
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect. Statement 2 is correct because Thorium-232 is fertile and must be transmuted into fissile Uranium-233 via neutron capture, which is the foundational objective of the second stage of India's program. Statement 1 is incorrect because the KAMINI reactor is a research facility using Uranium-233, not a prototype for the third stage, which aims to use Thorium-based Advanced Heavy Water Reactors (AHWR). Statement 3 is incorrect because Thorium-232 has a higher thermal neutron capture cross-section than U-238, but this property actually makes it easier to breed U-233 in thermal reactors, and the use of heavy water is primarily to minimize neutron absorption, not because of the cross-section comparison.
Explanation: CRE bacteria can cause severe infections in the bloodstream, lungs, and urinary tract, carrying a mortality rate as high as 50% in hospital settings.
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. All three statements are correct: Statement 1 is true as the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) forms via thermohaline processes where cold, salty surface water becomes dense and sinks, facilitating oxygenation of the deep ocean. Statement 2 is accurate because the Global Ocean Conveyor Belt operates on a millennial timescale, taking roughly 1,000 to 1,500 years to circulate water globally. Statement 3 is correct because upwelling zones like the Peru Current bring nutrient-rich, cold deep waters to the surface, fueling massive phytoplankton blooms that sustain high primary productivity.
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect. Statement 1 is incorrect because the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) was established in 2005 under the Disaster Management Act, 2005, not in 2004. Statement 2 is incorrect as the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), formerly known as the UNISDR, was the primary agency responsible for the implementation of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR), not the UNDP. Statement 3 is incorrect because although the 2005 Hyogo Framework for Action was succeeded by the Sendai Framework in 2015 (effective from 2016), there is no clear evidence that it was associated with a significant increase in international funding for disaster mitigation projects.
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect. Statement 1 is correct because fast breeder reactors utilize fast neutrons to transmute long-lived minor actinides into shorter-lived fission products, effectively reducing the long-term radiotoxic burden of nuclear waste. Statement 2 is correct as minor actinides like Americium and Curium have half-lives spanning thousands of years, making them the primary drivers of radiotoxicity in high-level waste after the initial decay of fission products. Statement 3 is incorrect because the PUREX process is specifically designed to recover Uranium and Plutonium, whereas the separation of minor actinides like Curium requires advanced partitioning processes such as DIAMEX or SANEX, as they are not efficiently handled by standard PUREX.
Explanation: The family Nasikabatrachidae (purple frogs) is an ancient lineage of frogs isolated in the Western Ghats for over 100 million years.
Explanation: The passage critiques the exclusive reliance on economic utility in conservation, arguing that it creates a precarious framework where species are protected only if they serve human interests. Option B is the most logical corollary because it offers a constructive synthesis: it acknowledges the reality of economic metrics while advocating for the inclusion of intrinsic value to protect those species deemed "useless" by market standards. Option A is incorrect due to overextension; the passage identifies the dangers of *exclusive* reliance on economic metrics but does not argue that they are inherently detrimental in all contexts or that they should be completely abolished. Option C is incorrect due to narrowing; while the passage defends the rights of rare species, it does not claim that protecting them is the "primary objective" of modern policy, but rather that the current policy fails to account for them. Option D is incorrect due to misdirection; while it makes an observation about current funding drivers, it is a restatement of the passage’s premise rather than a logical corollary (a proposition that follows from the argument).
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is correct as Indo-Greeks introduced the die-struck technique, replacing the earlier irregular punch-marked coins with standardized, circular, and aesthetically refined currency. Statement 2 is correct because Menander I, the most famous Indo-Greek king, famously patronized Buddhism and issued silver drachms featuring the protective deity Athena Alkidemos on the reverse. Statement 3 is correct as the Indo-Greeks pioneered the use of realistic royal portraits and bilingual legends, which served as potent political propaganda, starkly contrasting with the non-portrait, symbolic motifs found on indigenous Mauryan and punch-marked coinage.
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect. Statement 1 is incorrect because the Bhil tribe is primarily concentrated in the Aravalli and Vindhya ranges of Central and Western India, not the Himalayan foothills. Statement 2 is incorrect as the Santhal tribe is indigenous to the Chota Nagpur Plateau and surrounding plains, having no historical correlation with mangrove forest expansion. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Forest Rights Act (FRA) of 2006 applies exclusively to forest-dwelling Scheduled Tribes and traditional forest dwellers, and there has been no 2019 amendment extending these specific land title provisions to urban tribal populations.
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 1 is incorrect because pit-firing is a low-temperature technique typically occurring between 600°C and 900°C, which is insufficient for the vitrification of stoneware that requires temperatures exceeding 1200°C. Statement 2 is correct as Longpi pottery achieves its signature black finish through a reduction firing process where the kiln is sealed to restrict oxygen, forcing the carbon to permeate the clay at approximately 800°C. Statement 3 is correct because updraft kilns utilize a chimney-like structure to direct heat through the chamber, facilitating more controlled airflow and uniform oxidation compared to the inconsistent heat distribution of open-pit firing.
Explanation: Chitin is a complex polysaccharide consisting of a homopolymer of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) units.
Explanation: All statements are incorrect. Uranium enrichment is highly complex and requires gaseous processing (via uranium hexafluoride) inside high-speed centrifuges. Enrichment plants are top-secret strategic assets located away from public view (such as the Rare Materials Plant near Mysuru). Civilian power plants run on un-enriched (natural) or low-enriched uranium (~3-5%); 99% enrichment is weapons-grade and never used for basic civilian grids.
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect. Statement 1 is incorrect because the 2007 Ministry of Finance Handbook serves as a guidance document for mainstreaming gender perspectives rather than mandating audits based on a 500-crore threshold. Statement 2 is incorrect as the FRBM Act focuses on fiscal deficit and debt management, and there is no specific amendment within it that mandates gender-disaggregated data collection for the Union Budget audit cycle. Statement 3 is incorrect because the UN Women's Gender Responsive Budgeting initiative focuses exclusively on public sector fiscal policies and government resource allocation, not the auditing of private sector corporate social responsibility (CSR) spending.
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect. Statement 1 is incorrect because the Dam Safety Act, 2021, provides a legal framework for surveillance, inspection, and maintenance but does not incorporate the 1987 guidelines as a legally binding technical annexure. Statement 2 is incorrect as the National Dam Safety Authority is mandated to address dam safety issues and technical standards, not to resolve inter-state water sharing or reservoir release disputes, which fall under the Inter-State River Water Disputes Act. Statement 3 is incorrect because DRIP Phase-I (2012-2021) was a pan-India project covering multiple states, not exclusively focused on the Himalayan region or seismic mitigation alone, but rather on the rehabilitation of existing dams across various geographical zones.
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect. Statement 1 is incorrect because the Coastal Security Scheme Phase-II was indeed rolled out but the details regarding its specific provisions and timeline need verification; however, it's known that the scheme aimed at strengthening coastal security. Statement 2 is incorrect because the ISPS Code indeed refers to security measures for ships and port facilities but it is an amendment to the 1974 SOLAS Convention adopted in December 2002, not in 2004. Statement 3 is incorrect as the Indian Maritime Domain Awareness (IMDA) and the Information Management and Analysis Centre (IMAC) are related to maritime surveillance, with IMAC acting as the national-level nodal agency for real-time monitoring of maritime traffic, and it is linked to various agencies including the Indian Navy's MOC, but the specifics of its establishment and functioning need to be verified against the 2008 Mumbai terror attack review recommendations.
Explanation: Situated in Arunachal Pradesh, Dehang-Dibang is a key biodiversity hotspot located in the rugged terrain of the Eastern Himalayas.
Explanation: Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is incorrect because once the initial Presidential order is issued, any inclusion/exclusion can only be done by an Act of Parliament.
Explanation: All three statements are correct. Contour bunding, strip cropping, and shelterbelts are all effective agronomic and mechanical measures utilized for soil conservation.
Explanation: The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) manages CORSIA to cap aviation CO2 emissions at 2020 levels.
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect. Statement 1 is incorrect because the 2011 Thailand floods resulted in a $20 billion reconstruction package, but it was not largely financed by the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB); the AIIB was established in 2015, four years after the floods. Statement 2 is incorrect because the $1.2 billion reconstruction package was not for the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami; the World Bank did provide assistance for tsunami-affected areas, but the specific details of the package are not accurate. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority was actually established after the 2001 Gujarat earthquake, and it was not modelled after the Tamil Nadu Disaster Management Authority, which was established later.
Explanation: Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is incorrect because OCI cardholders are granted a multiple-entry, multi-purpose, life-long visa and are explicitly exempt from registering with the FRRO regardless of the length of their stay in India.
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. A widening CAD affects the external sector and foreign exchange reserves. It does not force a default on domestic debt, which is denominated in the local currency and managed independently by the government.
Explanation: Statements 2 and 3 are correct. PCPIRs are massive hubs for the chemical industry jointly developed by the center and states. Statement 1 is incorrect; PCPIRs are exceptionally large, typically requiring a minimum delineated area of 250 square kilometers, not 10.
Explanation: Only the USA and Japan are members of the G7. China and India are not members, though India is frequently invited as a guest.
Explanation: Tamil Nadu notified Agasthyamalai as its 5th Elephant Reserve and India's 32nd in 2022.
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is correct because the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) was indeed established in 2006 as a global partnership to support disaster risk reduction, providing technical assistance, financing, and knowledge sharing to developing countries. Statement 2 is correct as the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) issued guidelines in 2016 to promote disaster insurance coverage in India, aiming to increase insurance penetration and provide financial protection against disasters. Statement 3 is correct because the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) published the 'Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction' in 2019, which highlighted the importance of risk financing and disaster risk reduction strategies globally. Since all statements are verified to be true based on the facts, there are no wrong statements.
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is correct because the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks indeed occurred on 26 November 2008, as recorded in history. Statement 1 is incorrect because although the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) provides for the delimitation of maritime boundaries, India's EEZ delimitation is still an ongoing process with several unresolved boundaries. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Indian Coast Guard operates under the Ministry of Home Affairs, not the Ministry of Defence, although it works in close coordination with the Indian Navy for maritime security.
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is correct because the Himalayas indeed receive heavy snowfall, with some areas receiving over 10 meters of snowfall during the winter of 2018-19, which is a known fact and can trigger avalanches. Statement 3 is correct as the 2014 Kedarnath floods were exacerbated by an avalanche-like event or more accurately a Chorabari Lake outburst on June 16, 2013, and subsequent heavy rainfall. Statement 1 is incorrect because the Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE) was established in 1968 but is headquartered in Chandigarh, not Manali, and while it provides avalanche forecasts, the specifics of its coverage area need to be verified for accuracy regarding Nepal and Bhutan.
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect. The Supreme Court appointed the Santosh Hegde Commission in 2013 to probe six specific cases of alleged extrajudicial killings in Manipur, confirming that AFSPA cannot be a tool to bypass the regular criminal justice system. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Commission did not conclude that the Act provides for mandatory judicial review; rather, it criticized the lack of accountability and the misuse of power, ultimately recommending that the Act be reviewed periodically to ensure it does not become a permanent fixture in areas where civil administration is functional.
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. India and Israel did not establish diplomatic relations immediately after Israel's independence in 1948 because India, being a secular country with a significant Muslim population, was cautious in its approach due to the Arab-Israeli conflict, making Statement 1 incorrect. Statement 2 is correct as India and Israel indeed established diplomatic relations on January 29, 1992, marking a significant shift in India's foreign policy. Statement 3 is also correct because Narendra Modi became the first Indian Prime Minister to visit Israel in July 2017, strengthening bilateral ties between the two nations. Understanding the historical context and the evolution of India's foreign policy towards Israel helps clarify why Statements 2 and 3 are accurate while Statement 1 is not.
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. All three statements are correct because the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, amended the Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act, 1946, to establish a high-level committee for the appointment of the CBI Director. This committee is chaired by the Prime Minister and includes the Leader of the Opposition (or the leader of the largest opposition party in the Lok Sabha) and the Chief Justice of India (or a Supreme Court judge nominated by them) as members. These provisions ensure a transparent, multi-stakeholder selection process that balances executive authority with judicial and legislative oversight.
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect. Statement 1 is incorrect because the Dancing Girl was found in Mohenjo-daro, not Lothal, and there is no archaeological evidence linking them to a single guild. Statement 2 is false as the swastika is a common geometric motif in Harappan iconography and predates the Vedic period, making the claim of Vedic adoption chronologically impossible. Statement 3 is incorrect because while intaglio seals were used for clay impressions, there is no evidence that Harappan administration utilized the Oxus River for cargo transport; their maritime trade was primarily focused on the Persian Gulf and Mesopotamia.
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is correct as Vakataka-era cave architecture utilized murals to reinforce the devotional and didactic purposes of spaces, with paintings often strategically placed to guide the movement of monks and pilgrims. Statement 2 is correct because Cave 17 at Ajanta, commissioned during the reign of Harisena, contains the most comprehensive narrative cycle, including the famous Vessantara Jataka, which illustrates the virtue of generosity. Statement 3 is correct as the artists employed a 'fresco secco' technique using mineral-based pigments like ochre, terre verte, and imported lapis lazuli, which were applied onto a prepared lime-plaster surface to ensure long-term durability.
Explanation: Because the lagging strand template runs 5' to 3', synthesis must occur discontinuously in short segments called Okazaki fragments.
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. All three statements are correct: the State Health Index evaluates performance through 24 indicators across health outcomes, governance, and processes; the School Education Quality Index (SEQI) assesses states based on 34 indicators categorized into Outcomes and Governance Processes Aiding Outcomes; and the India Innovation Index is developed by NITI Aayog in partnership with the Institute for Competitiveness, adopting a methodology derived from the Global Innovation Index to rank states based on innovation enablers and performance.
Explanation: Amartya Sen's capability approach argues that development should be evaluated not by income, but by the expansion of human capabilities and freedoms.
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. All three statements are correct: The 'Gulshan-i-Ishq' (1699) exemplifies the fusion of Persian Sufi-inspired lyrical themes with the rich, warm color palettes characteristic of Bijapuri art. Ibrahim Adil Shah II was a renowned patron whose court painters mastered the Safavid 'siyah qalam' (black pen) technique while frequently incorporating indigenous elements like the veena, reflecting his deep devotion to music and syncretic culture. Furthermore, the 16th-century Deccani school, particularly in Bijapur and Ahmadnagar, adopted the Safavid conventions of high horizon lines and bird's-eye perspectives to organize complex, lush indigenous landscapes within their compositions.
Explanation: The Supreme Court has issued strict guidelines to impose heavy financial costs (exemplary costs) on petitioners who file frivolous PILs to waste judicial time.
Explanation: Erosion is the surface process that removes soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location and transports it to another.
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is correct as the Rules Committee in both Houses is constituted by the presiding officer (Speaker in Lok Sabha and Chairman in Rajya Sabha), who also serves as its ex-officio Chairperson. Statement 2 is correct because the committee's mandate is strictly limited to considering matters of procedure and conduct of business, explicitly excluding the examination of legislative merits. Statement 3 is correct as the committee was formally established in 1952 under the first set of Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Lok Sabha, replacing the earlier practice of following colonial-era procedural norms.
Explanation: Major Hector Munro led the highly disciplined British army of about 7,000 men to a decisive victory over the combined Indian forces numbering over 40,000 at Buxar.
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect. Statement 1 is incorrect because Bhujangatrasita is a dynamic karana (movement) involving a lifted leg, not a static floor-bound posture, and its origins are rooted in the Natyashastra rather than Sittanavasal murals. Statement 2 is incorrect as the Natyashastra defines ten Mandala-bhedas (not six), and Vaisakha-mandala is a foundational stance used for various movements, not exclusively for depicting birds in Kathakali. Statement 3 is incorrect because while Tribhanga is a prominent iconographic feature in Indian sculpture and dance, the Silappadikaram does not mandate it as a requirement for all temple dancers; it is primarily a stylistic aesthetic developed through later iconographic traditions.
Explanation: Autophagy (self-eating) is a highly regulated mechanism where cells sequester old or damaged organelles in autophagosomes, which then fuse with lysosomes for recycling.
Explanation: SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions) targets the reduction of illicit financial flows, which severely undermine developing economies.
Explanation: The 'continentality' effect means land far from the sea heats up intensely in summer and cools rapidly in winter. Coastal and island areas are moderated by the sea's high specific heat.
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect. All three statements are incorrect because no such permanent 25 percent quota exists, the Hota Committee (2004) recommended lateral entry for specialized positions rather than a mandatory three-year probation at LBSNAA, and the Kothari Committee (1976) focused on recruitment reforms rather than creating a specialized lateral entry cadre. Lateral entry in India is currently implemented on a case-by-case basis through the UPSC for specific joint secretary or director-level roles, not through a fixed quota or the 1972 Amendment Act. Consequently, none of the provided statements accurately reflect the historical or current policy framework governing civil services in India.