Consider the following statements regarding Spatial analysis of tribal literacy rates vs. geographical accessibility:
1. The Jarawa tribe of the Andaman Islands shows a literacy rate of 12 percent in the 2011 Census, which is linked to the construction of the Andaman Trunk Road passing through their reserve.
2. According to the 2011 Census, the literacy rate among the Gonds of Madhya Pradesh is approximately 53.2 percent, reflecting the impact of forest-fringe proximity on educational outreach.
3. The literacy rate of the Santhal tribe in Jharkhand stands at 62 percent, a figure influenced by the expansion of the Eastern Railway network connecting the Rajmahal Hills to the industrial hubs.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct as the 2011 Census recorded the Gond literacy rate at approximately 53.2%, with their forest-fringe location facilitating better access to government educational schemes compared to more isolated groups. Statement 1 is incorrect because the Jarawa are a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) living in voluntary isolation, and the 2011 Census does not attribute a specific literacy rate to them due to their lack of formal education participation. Statement 3 is incorrect because the literacy rate of the Santhal tribe in Jharkhand is significantly lower than 62%, and there is no empirical census data linking their literacy directly to the specific railway expansion mentioned.
Consider the following statements regarding Correlation between mineral-rich belts and tribal displacement zones:
1. The Santhal tribe, concentrated in the Chota Nagpur plateau, participated in the 1855 Hul rebellion, which led to the enactment of the Santhal Parganas Tenancy Act of 1949 to prevent land alienation.
2. The 1992 Minerals Regulation Act introduced the District Mineral Foundation to ensure local tribal welfare, and the fund currently receives 20 percent of the royalty paid by mining leaseholders.
3. The 1976 Fifth Schedule amendment designated the Koraput region of Odisha as a tribal agency area, which currently allows the state government to bypass central environmental clearances for manganese extraction.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act was enacted in 1949, but the Hul rebellion occurred in 1855-56, and the Act was a result of long-term administrative efforts post-rebellion, not an immediate enactment of that era. Statement 2 is incorrect because the District Mineral Foundation (DMF) was established under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015, not 1992, and the contribution is capped at 10-30% of royalty, not a fixed 20%. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Fifth Schedule was part of the original 1950 Constitution, not a 1976 amendment, and no such provision exists that allows state governments to bypass central environmental clearances for mining.
Consider the following statements regarding Correlation between mineral-rich belts and tribal displacement zones:
1. The 2006 Forest Rights Act recognizes the rights of forest-dwelling communities to manage and protect community forest resources, covering over 1.5 million hectares of land across various mineral-bearing states.
2. The PESA Act of 1996 extends the provisions of Part IX of the Constitution to the Scheduled Areas, providing tribal councils the authority to approve development projects in mineral-rich districts.
3. The Dongria Kondh tribe inhabits the Niyamgiri hills of Odisha, a region where bauxite mining operations faced a significant legal challenge following the 2013 Supreme Court order regarding Gram Sabha consent.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006, empowers forest dwellers to manage community forest resources, with implementation significantly impacting land rights in mineral-rich states like Odisha and Jharkhand. Statement 2 is correct because the PESA Act, 1996, mandates that Gram Sabhas in Scheduled Areas must be consulted before land acquisition or the approval of development projects. Statement 3 is correct as the 2013 Supreme Court verdict in the Niyamgiri case upheld the right of the Dongria Kondh tribe to decide on bauxite mining projects, setting a landmark precedent for tribal consent in India.
Consider the following statements regarding Tribal population density in the Chota Nagpur Plateau region:
1. The Ho tribe is predominantly found in the Singhbhum district and follows the 'Manki-Munda' administrative system, which was formally codified by the British administration in the 1837 Wilkinson Rule.
2. The Kharia tribe is divided into three distinct groups known as the Dudh, Dhelki, and Hill Kharia, with the Hill Kharia subgroup residing primarily in the plains of the Damodar river valley.
3. The Asur tribe, traditionally known for their iron smelting skills, is concentrated in the Netarhat plateau and their population figures were first recorded in the 1901 Imperial Gazetteer of India.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because while the Ho tribe follows the Manki-Munda system, it was formally recognized under the Wilkinson Rule of 1837, but the system itself predates British codification as a traditional indigenous governance structure. Statement 2 is incorrect because, although the Kharia are divided into Dudh, Dhelki, and Hill Kharia, the Hill Kharia subgroup is traditionally found in the forested highlands of the Chota Nagpur plateau, not the Damodar river valley plains. Statement 3 is incorrect because, while the Asur are indeed known for traditional iron smelting in the Netarhat plateau, their population was documented in colonial census records much earlier than the 1901 Imperial Gazetteer, which served as a compilation rather than the first record of their existence.
Consider the following statements regarding Geographical distribution of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs):
1. Odisha possesses the highest number of PVTGs in India, with 13 distinct tribal groups recognized under this specific classification.
2. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are home to five PVTGs, including the Great Andamanese, Onge, Jarawa, Sentinelese, and Shompen.
3. The Sahariya tribe, identified as a PVTG, is primarily concentrated in the districts of Baran and Sheopur located in the states of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Odisha has the highest number of PVTGs in India, with 13 groups officially recognized, followed by Andhra Pradesh. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands host five distinct PVTGs-Great Andamanese, Onge, Jarawa, Sentinelese, and Shompen-all of which are recognized as particularly vulnerable due to their pre-agricultural level of technology and declining population. The Sahariya tribe is correctly identified as a PVTG primarily concentrated in the Baran district of Rajasthan and the Sheopur district of Madhya Pradesh, making all three statements factually accurate.
Consider the following statements regarding Climatic resilience and traditional housing architecture of tribal groups:
1. The Toda people of the Nilgiri Hills traditionally construct 'dog-shaped' barrel-vaulted huts known as 'dogles', which utilize a bamboo frame covered with thatch to withstand high-altitude rainfall.
2. The Jarawa people of the Andaman Islands build circular communal huts called 'chadda', which are constructed using ironwood pillars and palm thatch to provide structural stability against cyclonic winds in the Bay of Bengal.
3. The Mishing tribe of Assam traditionally constructs 'chang ghar' dwellings using teak wood foundations, which are elevated six feet above the ground to prevent damage from the Brahmaputra river's annual flood cycles.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Toda people build barrel-vaulted 'dogles' (or 'munds') using bamboo and thatch to endure the Nilgiris' high-altitude climate. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Jarawa are traditionally nomadic hunter-gatherers who use temporary lean-to shelters ('kurma') rather than permanent communal 'chadda' huts. Statement 3 is incorrect because while Mishing 'chang ghars' are indeed elevated to combat flooding, they are traditionally constructed using bamboo and cane, not teak wood, which is not the primary material for these flood-resilient structures.
Consider the following statements regarding Spatial distribution of tribes in the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot:
1. The Kurumba tribe, known for their expertise in honey collection, resides in the Wayanad district and traces their linguistic origins to the Austroasiatic language family.
2. The Irula tribe, found in the northern districts of Tamil Nadu, is historically associated with the cultivation of coffee plantations established by the British East India Company in 1820.
3. The Toda tribe, primarily inhabiting the Nilgiri plateau of the Western Ghats, traditionally practices a pastoral economy centered on the rearing of buffaloes.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct as the Toda tribe is a pastoral community of the Nilgiri plateau, culturally defined by their unique buffalo-rearing practices. Statement 1 is incorrect because the Kurumba tribe belongs to the Dravidian language family, not Austroasiatic. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Irula tribe is primarily associated with traditional herbal medicine and snake catching in the Nilgiris and surrounding regions, rather than the historical development of British coffee plantations.
Consider the following statements regarding Resource-based tribal economies and their ecological footprints:
1. The Jarawa tribe of the Andaman Islands relies on hunting and gathering within the protected reserve, and their ecological footprint is regulated by the 1956 Andaman and Nicobar Islands Protection of Aboriginal Tribes Regulation, which permits seasonal commercial timber logging.
2. The Dongria Kondh people inhabit the Niyamgiri hills of Odisha, where their shifting cultivation practices are integrated with the extraction of bauxite, a mineral resource they have harvested for commercial export since 1954.
3. The Toda tribe of the Nilgiri Hills maintains a pastoral economy based on buffalo rearing, and their traditional dairy-temple architecture was officially documented in the 1871 Census of India as a form of settled agriculture.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the 1956 Regulation strictly prohibits commercial activities, including timber logging, to protect the Jarawa's self-sufficient hunter-gatherer lifestyle. Statement 2 is incorrect as the Dongria Kondh are indigenous protectors of the Niyamgiri hills who have historically opposed bauxite mining by corporations to preserve their ecological sanctity, rather than engaging in its extraction. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Toda tribe's pastoral economy is centered on buffalo herding and sacred dairy traditions, which are distinct from settled agriculture, and the 1871 Census did not classify their unique dairy-temple architecture as such.
Consider the following statements regarding Socio-ecological niche of nomadic pastoralist tribes in Western India:
1. The Rabari tribe of Kutch utilizes the 'Dhebaria' and 'Kachhi' sub-groups to manage distinct migratory routes that align with the monsoon patterns of the Thar Desert.
2. The Gaduliya Lohar community follows a nomadic lifestyle originating from the Chittorgarh region, and they traditionally utilize the 'Kharai' camel breed for long-distance transport across the Rann of Kutch.
3. The Bharwad community in Gujarat historically operates under a system of communal grazing rights, often documented in local land records dating back to the late 19th century.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Rabari tribe is traditionally divided into sub-groups like Dhebaria and Kachhi, which follow distinct seasonal migratory patterns based on rainfall. Statement 3 is correct because the Bharwad community historically relies on 'nes' (settlements) and communal grazing rights, a practice recognized in colonial-era land revenue records. Statement 2 is incorrect because while the Gaduliya Lohar are nomadic blacksmiths originating from Chittorgarh, the 'Kharai' (swimming) camel is specifically associated with the pastoralist Jat and Rabari communities of the Kutch region, not the Lohars.
Consider the following statements regarding Agro-climatic influence on traditional agricultural practices of tribes:
1. The Monpa tribe of Tawang utilizes the 'Panikheti' system, which relies on the diversion of glacial meltwater to irrigate terraced rice fields located at elevations exceeding 3000 meters.
2. The Chenchu tribe of the Nallamala hills employs the 'Kumeri' shifting cultivation technique, which involves the controlled burning of dense teak forests to prepare land for cotton farming.
3. The Lepcha people of North Sikkim traditionally engage in 'Amliso' monoculture, a practice that leverages the region's high humidity to cultivate large-scale cardamom plantations on valley floors.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because while Monpa tribes practice terrace farming, 'Panikheti' is a generic term for wet-rice cultivation, not a specific glacial-melt system at 3000 meters. Statement 2 is incorrect as the Chenchu are primarily hunter-gatherers in the Nallamala hills and do not practice 'Kumeri' (a term associated with shifting cultivation in the Western Ghats). Statement 3 is incorrect because the Lepcha traditionally practice 'cardamom-based agroforestry' in the mid-hills, not 'Amliso' (broom grass) monoculture on valley floors, which is typically grown on marginal slopes to prevent soil erosion.
Consider the following statements regarding Spatial correlation between tribal habitats and forest cover density:
1. The Dongria Kondh tribe is located in the Niyamgiri hills of Odisha, and the 2013 Supreme Court verdict regarding their habitat recognized their rights over the entire Eastern Ghats mountain range.
2. Data from the 2011 Census shows that the Gonds, India's largest tribal group, are predominantly distributed across the central Indian plateau, a region characterized by significant dry deciduous forest cover.
3. The 2004 National Tribal Policy emphasizes the development of infrastructure in tribal belts, and it identifies the Thar Desert region as a primary zone for the implementation of social forestry programs.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct because the Gonds are the largest tribal group in India, primarily inhabiting the central Indian plateau (Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Maharashtra) which features extensive dry deciduous forests. Statement 1 is incorrect because the 2013 Supreme Court verdict (Vedanta case) specifically recognized the Dongria Kondh's rights over the Niyamgiri hills, not the entire Eastern Ghats range. Statement 3 is incorrect because the National Tribal Policy focuses on the socio-economic development of tribal communities in forest-rich areas, whereas the Thar Desert is not identified as a primary zone for social forestry programs under this policy.
Consider the following statements regarding Agro-climatic influence on traditional agricultural practices of tribes:
1. The Dongria Kondh tribe of Odisha practices 'Podu' cultivation, a form of shifting agriculture adapted to the high-altitude topography of the Niyamgiri hills.
2. The Toda pastoralists of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve historically focused on buffalo husbandry, a practice influenced by the unique montane grassland ecosystem known as sholas.
3. The Wancho tribe of Arunachal Pradesh traditionally utilizes the 'Jhum' method, which involves clearing forest patches on slopes receiving over 2000 mm of annual rainfall.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the Dongria Kondh inhabit the Niyamgiri hills and utilize Podu (shifting cultivation) to manage the steep, high-altitude terrain. Statement 2 is correct because the Toda tribe's pastoral culture is intrinsically linked to the high-altitude Shola-grassland mosaic of the Nilgiris, which provides the specific fodder necessary for their buffalo-rearing economy. Statement 3 is correct because the Wancho tribe, residing in the high-rainfall regions of Arunachal Pradesh, practices Jhum cultivation, a traditional slash-and-burn method necessitated by the region's dense forest cover and steep slopes that receive heavy monsoonal precipitation.
Consider the following statements regarding Endemic tribal groups of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands:
1. The Onge tribe, which has been settled in the Dugong Creek and South Bay regions of Little Andaman, is recognized as one of the oldest inhabitants of the archipelago.
2. The Jarawa tribe primarily inhabits the western coast of South and Middle Andaman islands, maintaining a lifestyle traditionally based on hunting and gathering within the protected Jarawa Reserve.
3. The Great Andamanese tribe, currently residing on Strait Island, is one of the five Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) identified in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
All three statements are correct: the Onge are indeed among the oldest inhabitants settled in Little Andaman, the Jarawa occupy the western coast of South and Middle Andaman within a protected reserve, and the Great Andamanese are one of the five PVTGs (alongside the Onge, Jarawa, Sentinelese, and Shompen) currently residing on Strait Island. There are no incorrect statements, as these descriptions accurately reflect the geographical distribution and status of the indigenous tribes of the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago.
Consider the following statements regarding Linguistic classification and regional clustering of Austro-Asiatic tribes:
1. The Toda tribe of the Nilgiri Hills is categorized under the Austro-Asiatic linguistic family, sharing close lexical affinities with the Munda speakers of the Eastern Ghats.
2. The Bonda tribe, residing in the Malkangiri district of Odisha, belongs to the North Munda linguistic branch and maintains a distinct cultural connection with the Khasis of Meghalaya.
3. The Khasi language, spoken primarily in the Meghalaya plateau, belongs to the Khasic branch of the Austro-Asiatic linguistic family.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct because the Khasi language is a well-documented member of the Khasic branch of the Austro-Asiatic family, geographically isolated from other Austro-Asiatic groups. Statement 1 is incorrect because the Toda tribe belongs to the Dravidian linguistic family, not Austro-Asiatic, and resides in the Nilgiris with no Munda linguistic affinity. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Bonda tribe belongs to the South Munda branch of the Austro-Asiatic family, and while they share a broader linguistic root with the Khasis, they do not maintain a direct cultural connection or branch affinity with them.
Consider the following statements regarding Endemic tribal groups of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands:
1. The tribal reserve for the Jarawa people, established under the 1956 Regulation, encompasses an area of approximately 1,028 square kilometers in the Andaman Islands.
2. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Protection of Aboriginal Tribes) Regulation, 1956, was enacted to protect the cultural and territorial integrity of the indigenous tribal communities.
3. The 2011 Census of India recorded the population of the Great Andamanese tribe at 44 individuals, highlighting their status as a critically endangered tribal group.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
All three statements are correct. The Jarawa Tribal Reserve was notified in 1956 and covers approximately 1,028 sq km to protect their hunter-gatherer lifestyle; the 1956 Regulation remains the primary legal framework safeguarding the territorial and cultural autonomy of these Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs). Furthermore, the 2011 Census data confirms the Great Andamanese population at 44, reflecting their critically low numbers and the ongoing demographic vulnerability of the indigenous tribes of the archipelago.
Consider the following statements regarding Socio-ecological niche of nomadic pastoralist tribes in Western India:
1. The Maldhari pastoralists of the Banni grasslands in Gujarat are historically recognized for their selective breeding of the Banni buffalo, a breed adapted to saline coastal vegetation.
2. The Raika community of Rajasthan maintains a traditional migration cycle that spans the arid regions of Marwar and the semi-arid grazing lands of Malwa.
3. The Van Gujjar tribe, primarily located in the foothills of the Shivalik range, follows a seasonal transhumance pattern moving to high-altitude alpine pastures during the summer months.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the Maldhari pastoralists are indigenous to the Banni grasslands and have developed the Banni buffalo, a breed uniquely adapted to survive on saline-tolerant grasses. Statement 2 is correct because the Raika community practices traditional transhumance, moving their livestock between the arid Marwar region and the fertile grazing grounds of Malwa to cope with seasonal fodder scarcity. Statement 3 is correct as the Van Gujjars are a forest-dwelling nomadic tribe that practices seasonal transhumance, migrating from the Shivalik foothills to high-altitude Himalayan alpine pastures during summer to avoid heat and seek fresh grazing.
Consider the following statements regarding Traditional ecological knowledge and indigenous land-use systems:
1. The Zabo system of farming, practiced by the Chakhesang tribe in Nagaland, integrates forest management, cattle rearing, and water harvesting through pond-based irrigation.
2. The Lepcha community of Sikkim practices 'Panikheti', a traditional form of shifting cultivation that focuses on the rotation of cardamom and millet crops on steep mountain slopes.
3. The Dongria Kondh tribe of Odisha practices the 'Podu' cultivation system, which involves shifting agriculture on the slopes of the Niyamgiri hills.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Zabo system is a unique indigenous practice of the Chakhesang tribe in Nagaland that combines forestry, agriculture, and animal husbandry with a sophisticated rainwater harvesting mechanism. Statement 3 is correct because the Dongria Kondh tribe in the Niyamgiri hills of Odisha traditionally practices 'Podu', a form of shifting cultivation suited to their hilly terrain. Statement 2 is incorrect because 'Panikheti' refers to traditional terrace-based wet rice cultivation rather than shifting cultivation, and the Lepcha community primarily focuses on sustainable agroforestry and cardamom cultivation, not the rotation of millet in a shifting system.
Consider the following statements regarding Demographic concentration of tribes in the Scheduled Areas (Fifth Schedule):
1. The Fifth Schedule of the Constitution applies to the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes in ten states, including Himachal Pradesh and Rajasthan.
2. Under the provisions of the Fifth Schedule, the Governor of a state is empowered to direct that any particular Act of Parliament or the State Legislature shall not apply to a Scheduled Area.
3. The 1976 amendment to the Fifth Schedule introduced the mandatory requirement for state governments to obtain a formal recommendation from the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes before modifying the boundaries of a Scheduled Area.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Fifth Schedule currently covers ten states (Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, and Rajasthan). Statement 2 is correct because, under Paragraph 5(1) of the Fifth Schedule, the Governor is empowered to direct that any specific Act of Parliament or the State Legislature shall not apply to a Scheduled Area or shall apply with specified exceptions and modifications. Statement 3 is incorrect because the power to declare or modify the boundaries of Scheduled Areas lies exclusively with the President of India under Paragraph 6 of the Fifth Schedule, and there is no constitutional provision mandating a formal recommendation from the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes for such boundary modifications.
Consider the following statements regarding Agro-climatic influence on traditional agricultural practices of tribes:
1. The Baiga tribe of Madhya Pradesh follows the 'Bevar' agricultural cycle, which is characterized by the use of animal-drawn ploughs on flat plains to maximize wheat production.
2. The Bhutia community of Sikkim relies on the 'Zabo' system, a traditional water harvesting technique that integrates forestry with agriculture in the high-altitude Himalayan valleys.
3. The Irula tribe of the Western Ghats practices 'Bun' cultivation, a method of terrace farming that uses stone embankments to retain soil moisture in regions with distinct dry seasons.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the Baiga tribe practices 'Bewar' (slash-and-burn shifting cultivation), which traditionally prohibits the use of animal-drawn ploughs as they believe it 'tears the breast of Mother Earth.' Statement 2 is incorrect because the 'Zabo' system is a unique indigenous water-management practice of the Chakhesang tribe in Nagaland, not the Bhutia of Sikkim. Statement 3 is incorrect because 'Bun' (or 'Jhum') cultivation is a form of shifting cultivation, whereas the described stone-embankment terrace farming is characteristic of the Zabo system or traditional Apatani practices, not the Irula tribe.
Consider the following statements regarding Trans-border tribal populations and geopolitical implications:
1. The 1986 Mizoram Peace Accord contains specific provisions for the repatriation of the Bru refugees and establishes a joint administrative council between Mizoram and the Chittagong division of Bangladesh.
2. The Monpa tribe of Arunachal Pradesh practices transhumance and maintains cultural links with the Tawang region, which shares a historical frontier with the Tibet Autonomous Region.
3. The Chin-Kuki-Mizo ethnic group shares a common ancestry and linguistic heritage that spans across the international borders of India, Myanmar, and Bangladesh.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the 1986 Mizoram Peace Accord focused on ending the insurgency within Mizoram and did not establish a joint administrative council with Bangladesh. Statement 2 is correct as the Monpa tribe, primarily residing in Tawang, practices transhumance and shares deep historical and cultural ties with Tibet. Statement 3 is correct because the Chin-Kuki-Mizo people constitute a trans-border ethnic group with shared linguistic and ancestral roots spanning the borders of India (Manipur/Mizoram), Myanmar (Chin State), and Bangladesh (Chittagong Hill Tracts).
Consider the following statements regarding Spatial analysis of tribal literacy rates vs. geographical accessibility:
1. The Toda tribe of the Nilgiri Hills maintains a literacy rate exceeding 70 percent, attributed to their long-standing interaction with urban centers in Ooty and the surrounding plateau regions.
2. The Onge tribe of Little Andaman records a literacy rate of 38 percent, which is associated with the settlement programs implemented by the Andaman and Nicobar Administration during the 1960s.
3. The Chenchu tribe of the Nallamala forest region reports a literacy rate of 45 percent, reflecting the administrative integration efforts initiated under the Integrated Tribal Development Agency in 1975.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Toda tribe, residing in the accessible Nilgiri plateau, has historically benefited from proximity to Ooty's educational infrastructure, leading to high literacy rates. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Onge are a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) with extremely low literacy rates, often below 10-15%, and have resisted formal settlement programs. Statement 3 is incorrect because, despite the efforts of the Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA) in the Nallamala region, the Chenchu tribe remains one of the most educationally marginalized groups in India, with literacy rates significantly lower than 45%.
Consider the following statements regarding Trans-border tribal populations and geopolitical implications:
1. The Chakma community, settled in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh and parts of Mizoram, traces its demographic dispersion to the 1960s Kaptai Dam project displacement.
2. The 2015 Land Boundary Agreement with Bangladesh resulted in the transfer of the enclave of Dahagram-Angarpota to India, which historically served as a seasonal grazing ground for the Garo tribe.
3. The 1972 Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty facilitates the movement of the Sharchop community, who maintain cross-border agricultural and religious affiliations between eastern Bhutan and western Arunachal Pradesh.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Kaptai Dam project (1962) submerged vast tracts of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, forcing thousands of Chakmas to migrate into India. Statement 3 is correct because the 1972 Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty and subsequent border management protocols allow for the free movement and cultural exchange of the Sharchop community across the porous border. Statement 2 is incorrect because the 2015 Land Boundary Agreement involved the exchange of 162 enclaves, but Dahagram-Angarpota is a Bangladeshi enclave connected to the mainland via the Tin Bigha Corridor and was not transferred to India; furthermore, it is not historically associated with the Garo tribe, who are primarily indigenous to the Meghalaya-Bangladesh border region.
Consider the following statements regarding Altitudinal zonation of Himalayan tribal communities:
1. The Gaddis of Himachal Pradesh are semi-nomadic pastoralists who migrate annually from the Kangra and Chamba regions to the upper reaches of the Dhauladhar range to access summer grazing grounds.
2. The Monpa tribe, primarily inhabiting the Tawang and West Kameng districts of Arunachal Pradesh, follows Mahayana Buddhism and utilizes high-altitude alpine meadows for yak grazing.
3. The Changpa people of the Ladakh plateau are high-altitude pastoralists residing at elevations exceeding 4,000 meters, where they specialize in rearing the Changthangi breed of pashmina goats.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
All three statements are correct: the Gaddis practice transhumance by moving livestock between the Dhauladhar foothills and alpine pastures; the Monpas are a Buddhist community in Arunachal Pradesh known for yak husbandry in high-altitude zones; and the Changpa are nomadic pastoralists in the high-altitude Changthang region of Ladakh, globally renowned for rearing the Changthangi goat that produces premium Pashmina wool.
Consider the following statements regarding Spatial analysis of tribal literacy rates vs. geographical accessibility:
1. Data from the Ministry of Tribal Affairs indicates that the literacy rate of the Bhil community in Rajasthan is recorded at 49.1 percent, influenced by the rugged terrain of the Aravalli range.
2. The literacy rate of the Khasi tribe in Meghalaya reached 74.4 percent in 2011, which correlates with the historical establishment of missionary-led educational infrastructure in the Khasi Hills.
3. The Shompen tribe of Great Nicobar, classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group, exhibits lower literacy levels due to their high degree of geographical isolation in the interior rainforests.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the Bhil community's literacy is constrained by the rugged, inaccessible terrain of the Aravalli range which hinders educational outreach. Statement 2 is correct because the Khasi tribe benefited significantly from 19th-century missionary educational initiatives, leading to literacy rates well above the national tribal average. Statement 3 is correct as the Shompen are a hunter-gatherer PVTG whose extreme geographical isolation in the dense rainforests of Great Nicobar prevents integration into formal schooling systems. No statements are incorrect.
Consider the following statements regarding Demographic concentration of tribes in the Scheduled Areas (Fifth Schedule):
1. The PESA Act of 1996 extends the provisions of Part IX of the Constitution to the Scheduled Areas, granting Gram Sabhas the power to approve plans and projects for social and economic development.
2. In the state of Odisha, the Scheduled Areas cover thirteen districts, including Mayurbhanj, Koraput, and Sundargarh, where tribal communities constitute a significant demographic majority.
3. The Fifth Schedule allows the Governor to make regulations for the peace and good governance of any area in a state which is for the time being a Scheduled Area, subject to the assent of the President.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the PESA Act (1996) empowers Gram Sabhas in Scheduled Areas with mandatory consultation for land acquisition and development projects. Statement 2 is correct because the Fifth Schedule in Odisha covers 13 districts, including Mayurbhanj, Koraput, and Sundargarh, which are home to significant tribal populations like the Santhals and Kondhs. Statement 3 is correct because under the Fifth Schedule, the Governor holds the constitutional authority to enact regulations for peace and good governance in Scheduled Areas, provided these regulations receive the President's assent.
Consider the following statements regarding Migration patterns and settlement morphology of North-East Indian tribes:
1. The Angami Nagas historically practiced terrace cultivation in the Kohima district, and the 1866 British administrative expansion into the region led to the formal codification of their clan-based land tenure systems.
2. The Adi tribe of Arunachal Pradesh resides primarily in the Siang Valley, and the 1911 Abor Expedition resulted in the establishment of the North-East Frontier Tracts administrative framework.
3. The Khasi people of Meghalaya traditionally follow a matrilineal descent pattern, and the 1952 Sixth Schedule implementation granted the Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council authority over land transfer regulations.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because while Angami Nagas practice terrace cultivation, the British administrative expansion into the Naga Hills began in 1866, but it did not formalize clan-based land tenure; rather, it often disrupted indigenous systems. Statement 2 is incorrect because the 1911 Abor Expedition led to the creation of the Central and Eastern Sections of the North-East Frontier Tract in 1914, not the unified framework described. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Sixth Schedule was incorporated into the Constitution in 1950, and the Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council was constituted under the United Khasi-Jaintia Hills District in 1952, not as a direct implementation of the Schedule itself.
Consider the following statements regarding Altitudinal zonation of Himalayan tribal communities:
1. The Adi tribe of Arunachal Pradesh inhabits the lower Siang valley, where they practice a system of shifting cultivation known as Jhum that is specifically adapted to the high-altitude glacial moraines.
2. The Kinnaura tribe of Himachal Pradesh resides in the Sutlej valley, and their traditional social structure is organized around the cultivation of saffron in the arid high-altitude zones of Spiti.
3. The Sherpa community, known for their mountaineering expertise in the Everest region, historically established permanent agricultural settlements in the alpine tundra zone above 5,000 meters.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the Adi tribe practices Jhum in the tropical and subtropical forests of the Siang valley, not in high-altitude glacial moraines. Statement 2 is incorrect as the Kinnaura tribe primarily cultivates apples and chilgoza in the Sutlej valley, while saffron is predominantly associated with the Karewa soils of Kashmir, not the Spiti region. Statement 3 is incorrect because permanent agricultural settlements in the Himalayas are generally limited to the sub-alpine zone below 4,000 meters, as the alpine tundra zone above 5,000 meters is too cold and oxygen-depleted for sustained crop cultivation.
Consider the following statements regarding Coastal and island tribal communities: Adaptation to marine ecosystems:
1. The Shompen tribe of Great Nicobar island utilizes the 'fani' or traditional wooden spear for fishing in the coastal creeks and inland riverine systems.
2. The Irular tribe, found in the coastal districts of Tamil Nadu, has traditionally engaged in snake and rat catching, though many have transitioned to brackish water fishing and salt pan labor.
3. The Great Andamanese, currently residing on Strait Island, have successfully preserved their ancestral 'Jeru' language and continue to rely on deep-sea whaling as their primary economic activity.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Shompen, a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) in Great Nicobar, traditionally utilize spears for hunting and fishing in their riverine habitats. Statement 2 is correct because the Irular tribe, historically known for their expertise in snake and rat catching, have adapted to coastal livelihoods including salt pan work and brackish water fishing due to changing economic landscapes. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Great Andamanese are a dwindling tribe with very few native speakers left, and they do not engage in deep-sea whaling; their traditional lifestyle has been severely disrupted, and they are now largely dependent on government support.
Consider the following statements regarding Spatial correlation between tribal habitats and forest cover density:
1. The Bhil tribe, which represents the largest tribal population in India according to the 2011 Census, resides primarily in the Himalayan foothills where forest density exceeds 70% of the regional landmass.
2. The Santhal tribe is traditionally associated with the Chota Nagpur Plateau, and their historical migration patterns correlate with the expansion of mangrove forests in the eastern coastal plains.
3. The Forest Rights Act of 2006 grants individual land titles to forest-dwelling communities, and the 2019 amendment to this act extended these provisions to urban tribal populations residing in metropolitan forest patches.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the Bhil tribe is primarily concentrated in the Aravalli and Vindhya ranges of Central and Western India, not the Himalayan foothills. Statement 2 is incorrect as the Santhal tribe is indigenous to the Chota Nagpur Plateau and surrounding plains, having no historical correlation with mangrove forest expansion. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Forest Rights Act (FRA) of 2006 applies exclusively to forest-dwelling Scheduled Tribes and traditional forest dwellers, and there has been no 2019 amendment extending these specific land title provisions to urban tribal populations.
Consider the following statements regarding Geographical markers of tribal dialects and their regional boundaries:
1. The Santhali language, recognized under the 92nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 2003, is a member of the Indo-Aryan linguistic branch and is primarily spoken in the Western Ghats region.
2. The Bhil tribe, which constitutes one of the largest tribal groups in India, predominantly inhabits the Aravalli range and speaks a language belonging to the Austro-Asiatic linguistic family.
3. The Chenchu tribe, traditionally hunter-gatherers, inhabits the Nallamala forest range spanning the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, speaking a dialect influenced by Telugu.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct as the Chenchu tribe is a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) native to the Nallamala hills, primarily communicating in a Telugu-influenced dialect. Statement 1 is incorrect because Santhali belongs to the Austro-Asiatic language family and is concentrated in the Chota Nagpur Plateau (Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal), not the Western Ghats. Statement 2 is incorrect because while the Bhils inhabit the Aravalli range, their language (Bhili) belongs to the Indo-Aryan linguistic family, not the Austro-Asiatic branch.
Consider the following statements regarding Climatic resilience and traditional housing architecture of tribal groups:
1. The Bhutia tribe in Sikkim utilizes the 'dhara' architectural style, characterized by thick stone walls and wooden frames designed to provide thermal insulation against sub-zero Himalayan temperatures.
2. The Irula tribe of the Nilgiris employs a traditional housing structure called 'kottil', which features low-slung roofs and mud-plastered walls to minimize heat gain in the tropical forest environment.
3. The Gaddi tribe of Himachal Pradesh practices a transhumance lifestyle and builds 'dhar' houses using limestone bricks and slate roofing, which are specifically designed to retain solar heat during the winter migration to the lower Shivaliks.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Bhutia tribe uses thick stone and timber 'dhara' structures to trap heat in high-altitude cold climates. Statement 2 is correct because the Irula tribe's 'kottil' houses use mud-plastering and low-slung roofs to maintain cool indoor temperatures in the humid Nilgiri forests. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Gaddi tribe primarily resides in 'dhar' huts made of stone and wood during summer pastures, but they do not use limestone bricks or specific solar-heat retention designs as their primary architectural feature for winter migration.
Consider the following statements regarding Climatic resilience and traditional housing architecture of tribal groups:
1. The Wancho tribe of Arunachal Pradesh builds longhouses on stilts using bamboo and cane, a design choice that accommodates the steep, uneven terrain of the Patkai range while allowing for communal living.
2. The Nicobarese people construct elevated stilt houses known as 'kamapong', which are designed to facilitate air circulation and protect living spaces from tidal surges and ground-level humidity.
3. The Chenchu tribe of the Nallamala hills historically constructs 'pulas', temporary dome-shaped huts made of forest materials that are easily dismantled to suit their semi-nomadic lifestyle in dry deciduous forests.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
The Wancho tribe utilizes stilt-based longhouses to navigate the rugged Patkai terrain and facilitate their traditional communal social structure. The Nicobarese 'kamapong' houses are architecturally elevated to provide ventilation and resilience against coastal humidity and tidal fluctuations, while the Chenchu tribe employs 'pulas'-lightweight, dome-shaped structures-as a strategic adaptation to their mobile, forest-dwelling lifestyle in the Nallamala region. All three statements accurately reflect the intersection of indigenous architectural ingenuity and the specific environmental constraints of their respective habitats.
Consider the following statements regarding Tribal population density in the Chota Nagpur Plateau region:
1. The Chero tribe, which claims Rajput lineage, is largely concentrated in the Palamu division and their traditional social hierarchy is organized into the 'Barah-Hazari' and 'Terah-Hazari' clans.
2. The Munda tribe, primarily concentrated in the Ranchi and Khunti districts of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, utilizes the traditional 'Khuntkatti' system of land tenure.
3. The Oraon tribe, which is the second largest tribal group in the Chota Nagpur region, primarily speaks Kurukh, a language belonging to the Dravidian linguistic family.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct as the Munda tribe historically practices the 'Khuntkatti' system, a form of joint land ownership by the original settlers. Statement 3 is correct because the Oraons are the second-largest tribe in the region and speak Kurukh, which is linguistically classified under the Dravidian family. Statement 1 is incorrect because while the Chero tribe does claim Rajput lineage and resides in the Palamu division, their traditional social hierarchy is divided into 'Barah-Hazari' and 'Bara-Hazari' (or 'Bihazari'), but the specific 'Terah-Hazari' classification is historically inaccurate in this context.
Consider the following statements regarding Resource-based tribal economies and their ecological footprints:
1. The Irula tribe of the Western Ghats specializes in snake catching and honey collection, and their traditional ecological knowledge is utilized by the 2002 Biological Diversity Act to grant intellectual property rights over forest resources to multinational pharmaceutical firms.
2. The Gaddi tribe of Himachal Pradesh practices transhumance between the Dhauladhar and Lahaul ranges, and their migration routes were formally recognized by the 1927 Indian Forest Act as corridors for permanent hydroelectric infrastructure development.
3. The Lepcha people of Sikkim reside in the Kanchenjunga foothills, where their subsistence economy involves cardamom cultivation, a practice that the 1975 state accession agreement classified as a primary driver of regional industrial deforestation.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because they misrepresent legal frameworks and tribal practices: the Biological Diversity Act (2002) aims to conserve biodiversity and ensure equitable benefit-sharing rather than granting IP rights to multinational firms, the Indian Forest Act (1927) was a colonial instrument that restricted forest access rather than recognizing migration routes for infrastructure, and the 1975 accession of Sikkim integrated it into India as a state, which did not classify traditional cardamom cultivation as a driver of industrial deforestation. These statements are factually flawed as they invent legislative intent and misattribute the ecological impact of traditional tribal livelihoods.
Consider the following statements regarding Linguistic classification and regional clustering of Austro-Asiatic tribes:
1. The Juang tribe, primarily inhabiting the Keonjhar district, speaks a language classified within the Mon-Khmer sub-family, which is the dominant linguistic group in the Bastar region.
2. The Gadaba tribe, located in the Koraput district of Odisha, utilizes a language that linguistically falls under the Central Munda sub-branch of the Austro-Asiatic family.
3. The Korku tribe, inhabiting the Satpura range in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, represents the westernmost geographical extension of the Munda-speaking population.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because while the Juang tribe inhabits Keonjhar, their language belongs to the Munda sub-branch, not the Mon-Khmer sub-family, and the Bastar region is primarily associated with Dravidian (Gondi) speakers. Statement 2 is correct as the Gadaba tribe of Odisha speaks Gutob and Remo, which are classified under the Central Munda branch of the Austro-Asiatic family. Statement 3 is correct because the Korku tribe, residing in the Satpura range, represents the distinct westernmost geographical outpost of the Munda-speaking Austro-Asiatic linguistic group.
Consider the following statements regarding Traditional ecological knowledge and indigenous land-use systems:
1. The Shompen tribe of Great Nicobar utilizes the 'Jhum' method of terrace farming, which involves the construction of stone-walled fields to prevent soil erosion during the monsoon season.
2. The Chenchu tribe of the Nallamala hills employs the 'Kuruwa' system of settled irrigation, utilizing perennial streams to cultivate paddy in the high-altitude plateaus of Andhra Pradesh.
3. The Warli tribe of Maharashtra follows the 'Rab' method of agriculture, which involves burning forest biomass to fertilize seedbeds, a practice formally recognized under the 2006 Forest Rights Act in the Konkan region.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because they misattribute agricultural practices: the Shompen are hunter-gatherers who do not practice terrace farming, the Chenchu are a forest-dwelling tribe primarily dependent on foraging rather than settled irrigation, and the 'Rab' method, while practiced in the Konkan, is a traditional agricultural technique not formally defined or protected as a specific right under the 2006 Forest Rights Act. These statements conflate distinct indigenous practices with incorrect tribal groups, misrepresenting the traditional ecological knowledge associated with these specific communities.
Consider the following statements regarding Impact of riverine systems on the settlement patterns of Central Indian tribes:
1. The Gond tribe of the Bastar region utilizes the Indravati river as a primary cultural boundary, with settlement patterns historically concentrated along its fertile floodplains.
2. The Bhil community, residing in the Vindhya and Satpura ranges, maintains traditional village clusters near the Tapti river, which historically served as a corridor for seasonal migration.
3. The Baiga tribe, primarily inhabiting the Maikal Hills of Madhya Pradesh, historically practiced 'Bewar' shifting cultivation in the upper reaches of the Narmada river basin.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
The Gond tribe historically settled along the Indravati river in Bastar, which acted as a vital socio-cultural and agricultural lifeline. The Bhil community utilized the Tapti river valley as a traditional migratory route and settlement zone due to its accessibility through the rugged Vindhya and Satpura terrain. The Baiga tribe is indigenous to the Maikal Hills, where they traditionally practiced 'Bewar' (slash-and-burn cultivation) in the upper catchment areas of the Narmada river, making all three statements factually accurate.
Consider the following statements regarding Spatial distribution of tribes in the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot:
1. The Kota tribe, located in the Nilgiri hills, traditionally functions as a community of artisans and is recognized for their distinct architectural style featuring circular dwellings made of bamboo.
2. The Kattunayakan tribe, residing in the dense forests of the Nilambur region, is classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group and is known for their historical role as maritime traders along the Malabar Coast.
3. The Paniyar tribe, inhabiting the plains of the Western Ghats, follows a matrilineal inheritance system and traditionally engages in large-scale commercial tea production.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the Kota tribe are traditional artisans and musicians, but they live in rectangular, not circular, dwellings. Statement 2 is incorrect because while the Kattunayakan are a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG), they are forest-dwelling honey gatherers and hunters, not maritime traders. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Paniyar tribe historically practiced bonded labor in agriculture and follow a patrilineal, not matrilineal, inheritance system, and they are not involved in commercial tea production.
Consider the following statements regarding Traditional ecological knowledge and indigenous land-use systems:
1. The Irula tribe of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve utilizes the 'Poda' system of wetland management, which involves the deliberate flooding of low-lying valleys to facilitate the growth of wild tubers.
2. The Toda people of the Nilgiri Hills in Tamil Nadu maintain a traditional pastoral economy centered on the semi-domesticated buffalo, utilizing specific grazing patterns known as 'munds'.
3. The Baiga tribe of Madhya Pradesh traditionally practices 'Bewar', a form of shifting cultivation that relies on the natural regeneration of forest cover over a multi-year fallow cycle.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct as the Toda tribe is famous for their pastoral lifestyle, where 'munds' serve as traditional settlements and grazing grounds for their sacred buffaloes. Statement 3 is correct because the Baiga tribe historically practices 'Bewar' (shifting cultivation), which emphasizes ecological balance through long fallow periods that allow for forest regeneration. Statement 1 is incorrect because the 'Poda' system is not a recognized practice of the Irula tribe; the Irula are primarily known for their expertise in snake catching, honey gathering, and traditional medicinal knowledge rather than wetland flooding techniques.
Consider the following statements regarding Socio-ecological niche of nomadic pastoralist tribes in Western India:
1. The pastoral economy of the Sindhi Sipahi community in the Jaisalmer region relies on the hardy Tharparkar cattle breed, which is capable of surviving on sparse desert scrub.
2. The pastoral cycle of the Charan community in the Saurashtra peninsula is linked to the historical patronage of local princely states, which granted them grazing access to the Gir Forest sanctuary in 1947.
3. The Jath pastoralists of the Banni region are known for their expertise in camel rearing, and they established the first organized cooperative for camel milk distribution in Bhuj during the 1972 drought relief operations.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Sindhi Sipahi community in Jaisalmer traditionally relies on the Tharparkar cattle breed, which is well-adapted to the arid Thar desert. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Charan community are traditional bards and livestock keepers, but the grazing rights in the Gir Forest were historically managed by the Junagadh state and later the Forest Department, not granted as a blanket right in 1947. Statement 3 is incorrect because while the Jath community are renowned camel pastoralists, the first organized camel milk cooperative (Sahjeevan) was established much later in the 21st century, not during the 1972 drought.
Consider the following statements regarding Trans-border tribal populations and geopolitical implications:
1. The Free Movement Regime (FMR) established in 2018 allowed residents living within 16 kilometers of the Indo-Myanmar border to cross with a border pass for local trade and social visits.
2. The Konyak Naga tribe, inhabiting the Mon district of Nagaland, maintains significant kinship and social ties with populations residing in the Sagaing Region of Myanmar.
3. The 1951 Treaty of Friendship between India and Myanmar formalizes the traditional migration routes of the Naga tribes and grants permanent dual citizenship to the Tangkhul community.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the FMR, implemented in 2018 under the Act East Policy, permitted border residents to travel up to 16 km into the other country without a visa. Statement 2 is correct because the Konyak Nagas are a trans-border tribe whose ancestral lands and social networks span across the Mon district of Nagaland and the Sagaing Region of Myanmar. Statement 3 is incorrect because no such 1951 treaty exists that formalizes migration routes or grants dual citizenship; in fact, India does not permit dual citizenship for any community under the Citizenship Act of 1955.
Consider the following statements regarding Coastal and island tribal communities: Adaptation to marine ecosystems:
1. The Onge people, residing primarily in the Dugong Creek reserve of Little Andaman, have historically relied on marine resources like dugongs and sea turtles for their nutritional requirements.
2. The Jarawa tribe, a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG), inhabits the western coast of South and Middle Andaman islands and maintains a hunter-gatherer lifestyle.
3. The Sentinelese tribe, located on North Sentinel Island, is categorized under the 1956 Andaman and Nicobar Protection of Aboriginal Tribes Regulation as a group permitted to engage in regulated barter trade with mainland visitors.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Onge, one of the oldest tribes in the Andaman Islands, are traditionally hunter-gatherers who rely heavily on marine resources, including the dugong, within their reserve. Statement 2 is correct because the Jarawa are a designated PVTG inhabiting the western forests of South and Middle Andaman, maintaining a secluded hunter-gatherer lifestyle. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Sentinelese are an uncontacted tribe, and the Andaman and Nicobar Protection of Aboriginal Tribes Regulation, 1956, strictly prohibits any unauthorized contact or trade with them to protect their isolation and health.
Consider the following statements regarding Geographical markers of tribal dialects and their regional boundaries:
1. The Kurukh language, spoken by the Oraon tribe, belongs to the Dravidian linguistic family and is primarily concentrated in the Chota Nagpur plateau region of Jharkhand.
2. The Toda tribe, known for their distinct pastoral culture and barrel-vaulted huts, resides in the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu and speaks a language belonging to the Dravidian family.
3. The Bodo language, which is included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, is a member of the Tibeto-Burman linguistic group and is predominantly spoken in the Brahmaputra valley of Assam.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
All three statements are correct: the Kurukh language is a Dravidian language primarily spoken by the Oraon tribe in the Chota Nagpur plateau; the Toda tribe is a pastoral community indigenous to the Nilgiris of Tamil Nadu, speaking a Dravidian language; and the Bodo language, a Tibeto-Burman language, was officially included in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution by the 92nd Amendment Act of 2003 and is predominantly spoken in the Brahmaputra valley of Assam.
Consider the following statements regarding Resource-based tribal economies and their ecological footprints:
1. The Santhal tribe of Jharkhand and West Bengal engages in settled agriculture and coal-based labor, and their historical land rights were codified in the 1885 Bengal Tenancy Act to facilitate the expansion of large-scale open-cast mining.
2. The Chenchu tribe of the Nallamala forest region follows a nomadic lifestyle focused on non-timber forest produce, and the 1972 Wildlife Protection Act designated their traditional hunting grounds as zones for intensive industrial plantation development.
3. The Bhil community, primarily located in the Aravalli range, practices terrace farming and forest produce collection, with the 1996 PESA Act providing them the authority to lease mineral rights to private mining corporations.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because they misrepresent historical and legal facts: the 1885 Bengal Tenancy Act was enacted to protect tenants from arbitrary eviction rather than to facilitate mining; the 1972 Wildlife Protection Act focuses on habitat conservation and prohibits industrial plantations in protected areas; and the 1996 PESA Act empowers Gram Sabhas to manage community resources and prevent the alienation of tribal land, explicitly prohibiting the leasing of mineral rights to private corporations. These statements distort the legislative intent of these acts, which were designed to safeguard tribal rights and ecological integrity rather than promote industrial exploitation.
Consider the following statements regarding Coastal and island tribal communities: Adaptation to marine ecosystems:
1. The Nicobarese people, the largest indigenous group in the Nicobar archipelago, practice a traditional form of horticulture integrated with artisanal fishing using outrigger canoes.
2. The Siddi community, settled in coastal pockets of Gujarat such as Gir Somnath, traces its historical migration to the Bantu-speaking regions of East Africa during the 7th century.
3. The Mappila fishing community of the Malabar coast traces its maritime traditions to the 8th-century arrival of Arab traders and follows the matrilineal Marumakkathayam inheritance system.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Nicobarese rely on a subsistence economy combining coconut/areca nut horticulture with traditional outrigger canoe fishing. Statement 2 is correct because the Siddi community, primarily of Bantu descent, arrived in India from East Africa starting around the 7th century and established significant settlements in coastal Gujarat. Statement 3 is incorrect because, while the Mappila community has deep roots in Arab maritime trade, the Marumakkathayam matrilineal inheritance system is historically associated with the Nair and certain other communities of Kerala, not the Mappila Muslims.
Consider the following statements regarding Tribal population density in the Chota Nagpur Plateau region:
1. The 2011 Census of India indicates that the Scheduled Tribe population in Jharkhand constitutes approximately 26.2 percent of the total state population.
2. The Birhor tribe, classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group, resides in the dense forests of Hazaribagh and relies on the collection of 'Chop' fiber for rope making as per the 1931 colonial ethnographic survey.
3. The Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act of 1949 governs land rights in the eastern plateau region and was enacted following the recommendations of the 1947 Tribal Advisory Council.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the 2011 Census confirms the Scheduled Tribe population in Jharkhand is 26.2%. Statement 2 is incorrect because while the Birhor are a PVTG and use 'Chop' fiber, the 1931 ethnographic survey by E.T. Dalton or Risley does not define their primary contemporary livelihood in that specific context. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act of 1949 was enacted to codify existing customary laws following the Santhal rebellion and subsequent administrative reforms, not based on the recommendations of a 1947 Tribal Advisory Council.
Consider the following statements regarding Geographical distribution of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs):
1. The Birhor tribe is found in the Chota Nagpur plateau region of Jharkhand, and the government recognized their PVTG status following the 1981 national tribal survey.
2. The Toda tribe, a designated PVTG, maintains a traditional pastoral lifestyle in the Nilgiri hills of Tamil Nadu.
3. The Baiga tribe, primarily inhabiting the Maikal hills of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, was officially declared a PVTG by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because while the Birhor tribe inhabits the Chota Nagpur plateau, the PVTG status was established under the criteria set by the Dhebar Commission (1960-61), not a 1981 survey. Statement 2 is correct as the Toda tribe is a well-documented PVTG residing in the Nilgiri hills, known for their unique pastoral culture and 'mund' settlements. Statement 3 is correct because the Baiga tribe, found in the Maikal hills across Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, is one of the 75 officially designated PVTGs identified by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs based on their pre-agricultural level of technology and stagnant population growth.
Consider the following statements regarding Impact of riverine systems on the settlement patterns of Central Indian tribes:
1. The Bharia tribe of the Patalkot valley utilizes the Doodhi river for seasonal fishing, a practice formally codified in the 1935 Tribal Rights Regulation of the British colonial administration.
2. The Kol tribe of the Rewa plateau maintains social hierarchy based on proximity to the Son river, which acted as the principal waterway for the 1881 coal mining operations in the region.
3. The Korku tribe, concentrated in the Satpura range, developed distinct social structures around the Tawa river valley, a tributary of the Narmada, to facilitate irrigation for their agricultural cycles.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct as the Korku tribe in the Satpura region traditionally utilizes the Tawa river valley's fertile plains for agriculture, integrating water management into their socio-economic cycles. Statement 1 is incorrect because there is no '1935 Tribal Rights Regulation' that codified fishing practices for the Bharia tribe; the Bharia are primarily forest-dwelling, and their settlement in Patalkot is defined by geographical isolation rather than colonial-era riverine legislation. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Kol tribe's social hierarchy is traditionally rooted in clan lineage and historical land tenure rather than proximity to the Son river, and the 1881 coal mining operations were driven by industrial demand rather than tribal settlement patterns.
Consider the following statements regarding Altitudinal zonation of Himalayan tribal communities:
1. The Bhotia community of Uttarakhand historically practiced transhumance, moving their livestock between high-altitude summer pastures in the Greater Himalayas and lower valleys during the winter months.
2. The Gujjar-Bakarwal community of Jammu and Kashmir migrates through the Pir Panjal pass, reaching the high-altitude meadows of the Zanskar range during the month of October.
3. The Lepcha people are the indigenous inhabitants of Sikkim, and their traditional agricultural practices are centered on the cultivation of terraced rice fields at elevations above 3,500 meters.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Bhotia community historically practiced transhumance, moving between high-altitude pastures and lower valleys to adapt to seasonal climate variations. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Gujjar-Bakarwal migration is seasonal; they reach the high-altitude 'margs' (meadows) in summer and descend to lower plains before the onset of winter in October, rather than reaching them in October. Statement 3 is incorrect because while the Lepcha are indigenous to Sikkim, their traditional agriculture is primarily practiced in lower and middle valleys; cultivation at elevations above 3,500 meters is climatically unfeasible for rice due to the alpine conditions.
Consider the following statements regarding Impact of riverine systems on the settlement patterns of Central Indian tribes:
1. The Halba tribe, found in the plains of Chhattisgarh, centers its agricultural calendar on the Mahanadi river, which was designated as a protected tribal zone under the 1924 Central Provinces Land Act.
2. The Sahariya tribe of the Gwalior plateau established permanent riverine settlements along the Chambal river, which served as the main administrative boundary during the 1902 land settlement survey.
3. The Maria Gond settlements in the Gadchiroli district are organized according to the flow of the Godavari river, which provided the primary transport route for the 1895 forest timber trade.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because they rely on fabricated historical and administrative claims. The 1924 Central Provinces Land Act did not designate the Mahanadi as a protected tribal zone, the Chambal river was not the primary administrative boundary for the 1902 land survey in the Gwalior plateau, and Maria Gond settlements in Gadchiroli are traditionally organized by kinship and clan-based forest territories rather than by the Godavari river's timber trade routes of 1895.
Consider the following statements regarding Spatial distribution of tribes in the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot:
1. The Cholanaickan tribe, often referred to as cave dwellers in the Silent Valley National Park, utilizes a complex script derived from ancient Sanskrit for recording their oral histories.
2. The Yerava tribe, concentrated in the Kodagu district, migrated from the coastal regions of Konkan during the 19th century and serves as the primary administrative authority for forest management.
3. The Soliga tribe, recognized as the first indigenous community to receive forest rights within the core area of the Biligiri Ranganathaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve in 2011, maintains a unique relationship with the forest ecosystem.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct because the Soliga tribe became the first indigenous community in India to receive habitat rights within a core tiger reserve (BRT Tiger Reserve) under the Forest Rights Act, 2006, in 2011. Statement 1 is incorrect because the Cholanaickan tribe, found in the Nilambur valley of Kerala, are hunter-gatherers who do not possess a script derived from Sanskrit. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Yerava tribe are indigenous to the Kodagu region, not migrants from Konkan, and they do not serve as the primary administrative authority for forest management, which remains under the jurisdiction of the Forest Department.
Consider the following statements regarding Geographical markers of tribal dialects and their regional boundaries:
1. The Jarawa tribe of the Andaman Islands speaks a language categorized under the Great Andamanese family, which shares significant grammatical structures with the Onge language spoken in the Nicobar archipelago.
2. The Lepcha people, who reside primarily in the Kanchenjunga foothills of Sikkim, utilize a script known as Rong and speak a language that is classified as part of the Dravidian linguistic family.
3. The Gondi language, spoken by the Gond people, is a member of the South-Central Dravidian subgroup and is distributed across the states of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Maharashtra.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct because Gondi belongs to the South-Central Dravidian subgroup and is widely spoken by the Gond tribe across central Indian states. Statement 1 is incorrect because the Jarawa language is part of the Ongan language family, distinct from the Great Andamanese family, and the Onge tribe inhabits Little Andaman, not the Nicobar archipelago. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Lepcha language is classified under the Tibeto-Burman linguistic family, not the Dravidian family.
Consider the following statements regarding Geographical distribution of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs):
1. The Bonda tribe is located in the Malkangiri district of Odisha, and the group was formally classified as a PVTG during the 1991 Census of India.
2. The Chenchu tribe resides in the Nallamala forest region of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, and their status as a PVTG was established by the 1956 Tribal Welfare Act.
3. The Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) category was created in 1975, initially covering 52 tribal groups across various Indian states.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct because the Government of India created the 'Primitive Tribal Groups' (PTG) category in 1975, initially covering 52 groups, later renamed as PVTGs in 2006. Statement 1 is incorrect because while the Bonda tribe is indeed located in Odisha's Malkangiri district, they were identified as a PVTG in 1975, not 1991. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Chenchu tribe is a recognized PVTG, but their status was not established by a '1956 Tribal Welfare Act'; PVTG classification is an executive action by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs based on specific criteria like pre-agricultural technology and stagnant population.
Consider the following statements regarding Migration patterns and settlement morphology of North-East Indian tribes:
1. The Meitei community of Manipur historically occupied the Imphal Valley, and the 1949 Merger Agreement between the Maharaja and the Indian government transitioned the region into a Part C state.
2. The Tripuri people represent the largest indigenous group in Tripura, and the 1988 Tripura Accord provided for the creation of the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council to protect land rights.
3. The Lepcha tribe is indigenous to the Sikkim region, and the 1975 integration of the state into the Indian Union provided for the recognition of their traditional Dzumsa village council system.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because while the Meitei occupied the Imphal Valley, the 1949 Merger Agreement made Manipur a Part C state, but it was the 1972 statehood that formally transitioned its status. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC) was created under the 49th Constitutional Amendment Act in 1985, not the 1988 Tripura Accord, which primarily addressed the surrender of TNV insurgents. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Dzumsa is a traditional administrative system specific to the Lachen and Lachung valleys of North Sikkim, and it was legally recognized by the Sikkim State Legislature in 1988, not by the 1975 integration process.
Consider the following statements regarding Spatial correlation between tribal habitats and forest cover density:
1. The Toda people inhabit the Nilgiri Hills, and their traditional pastoral practices are linked to the high-altitude temperate shola forests which were officially designated as a protected biosphere reserve in 1976.
2. The Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) such as the Jarawas and Sentinelese are primarily concentrated in the dense tropical rainforests of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, covering over 80% of the archipelago's land area.
3. The 2021 State of Forest Report indicates that approximately 34% of India's total forest cover is located within the 218 tribal-majority districts identified by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve was established in 1986, not 1976, as India's first biosphere reserve. Statement 2 is correct as the Jarawas and Sentinelese reside in the dense tropical forests of the Andaman Islands, where forest cover remains exceptionally high, exceeding 80% of the land area. Statement 3 is correct because the India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2021 confirms that tribal districts, which constitute about 33.3% of India's geographical area, contain roughly 34% of the nation's total forest cover.
Consider the following statements regarding Demographic concentration of tribes in the Scheduled Areas (Fifth Schedule):
1. The Tribes Advisory Council, established under the Fifth Schedule, consists of not more than twenty members, of whom three-fourths are representatives of the Scheduled Tribes in the State Legislative Assembly.
2. The 2011 Census data indicates that Madhya Pradesh holds the largest share of the Scheduled Tribe population in India, accounting for approximately 14.7 percent of the total tribal population of the country.
3. The criteria for declaring an area as a Scheduled Area include a preponderance of tribal population, compactness and reasonable size of the area, and a marked disparity in the economic standard of the people.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the Fifth Schedule mandates the Tribes Advisory Council (TAC) to have up to 20 members, with three-fourths being ST representatives from the State Legislative Assembly. Statement 2 is correct because the 2011 Census confirms Madhya Pradesh has the highest ST population, comprising roughly 14.7% of India's total tribal demographic. Statement 3 is correct as these specific criteria-preponderance of tribal population, compactness, and economic disparity-are the established benchmarks used by the central government to designate Scheduled Areas under the Constitution.
Consider the following statements regarding Correlation between mineral-rich belts and tribal displacement zones:
1. The 1989 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Prevention of Atrocities Act established special courts for land displacement cases, and these courts have recorded a 40 percent increase in conviction rates since 2005.
2. The Baiga tribe, primarily located in the Maikal hills of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, received the first habitat rights recognition under the Forest Rights Act in 2016.
3. The PVTG list currently includes 75 tribal groups, and the 2011 Census identified the Jarawa tribe of the Andaman Islands as the largest population group within this specific classification.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct as the Baiga tribe in the Maikal hills became the first community to receive habitat rights under the Forest Rights Act in 2016. Statement 1 is incorrect because the 1989 Act focuses on atrocities, not land displacement, and there is no official data confirming a 40 percent increase in conviction rates for such cases. Statement 3 is incorrect because while there are 75 PVTGs, the Jarawa are not the largest; the Sahariya tribe of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan holds the largest population among the PVTG groups.
Consider the following statements regarding Migration patterns and settlement morphology of North-East Indian tribes:
1. The Bodo community is concentrated in the Brahmaputra valley, and the 1993 Bodo Accord established the Bodoland Autonomous Council to oversee the socio-economic development of the tribal population.
2. The Karbi tribe of Assam is known for the Rongker festival, and the 1951 Sixth Schedule amendment integrated the Karbi Anglong region into the administrative structure of the autonomous hill districts.
3. The Mizo people migrated into the Lushai Hills during the 18th century, and the 1895 annexation of the region by the British government formalized the chieftainship system under the Chin-Lushai Conference.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the Bodo Accord was signed in 2003, not 1993, which established the Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC). Statement 2 is incorrect as the Karbi Anglong region was brought under the Sixth Schedule via the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1995, and the region was previously part of the United Mikir Hills and North Cachar Hills district formed in 1951. Statement 3 is incorrect because the British annexation of the Lushai Hills occurred in 1890, and the Chin-Lushai Conference was held in 1892, not 1895.
Consider the following statements regarding Linguistic classification and regional clustering of Austro-Asiatic tribes:
1. The Nicobarese people residing in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are linguistically classified under the Austro-Asiatic family, specifically the Mon-Khmer branch.
2. The Munda group of Austro-Asiatic languages, including Santali and Mundari, is predominantly distributed across the Chota Nagpur Plateau region.
3. The Savara tribe, found in the hilly tracts of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh, speaks a language categorized within the South Munda linguistic sub-group.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
The Nicobarese language belongs to the Mon-Khmer branch of the Austro-Asiatic family, reflecting ancient maritime migration patterns. The Munda linguistic group, including major languages like Santali and Mundari, is historically and geographically concentrated in the Chota Nagpur Plateau, covering states like Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal. The Savara (or Sora) tribe is correctly identified as a South Munda speaker, inhabiting the Eastern Ghats region of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh, confirming all three statements are factually accurate.
Consider the following statements regarding Endemic tribal groups of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands:
1. The Sentinelese tribe, known for their isolation on North Sentinel Island, is officially classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
2. The Shompen tribe, which is indigenous to the interior forests of Great Nicobar Island, maintains a distinct linguistic identity and is primarily a hunter-gatherer society.
3. The Nicobarese people, who are the most populous tribal group in the Nicobar district, primarily reside in coastal villages across islands such as Car Nicobar, Nancowry, and Kamorta.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
All three statements are correct: the Sentinelese are one of the five PVTGs in the Andaman Islands, protected by strict isolation policies; the Shompen are a nomadic, hunter-gatherer tribe inhabiting the dense interior forests of Great Nicobar, recognized for their unique linguistic heritage; and the Nicobarese represent the largest tribal population in the archipelago, traditionally settled in coastal regions across the Nicobar district. There are no incorrect statements provided in the question.