Consider the following statements regarding Solar and Renewable Energy initiatives:
1. The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is an exclusive treaty-based agreement restricted only to countries located entirely within the African continent.
2. India has committed significant concessional lines of credit specifically dedicated to establishing solar projects in African countries under the ISA framework.
3. The 'One Sun One World One Grid' (OSOWOG) initiative promoted by India seeks to interlink solar energy grids, explicitly aiming to integrate African grids in the future.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 2 and 3 are correct. India provides massive solar LoCs and envisions grid connectivity via OSOWOG. Statement 1 is incorrect; the International Solar Alliance (ISA) is a global initiative headquartered in India, open to all member states of the United Nations, not restricted exclusively to Africa.
Consider the following statements regarding the International Solar Alliance (ISA) specific to Africa:
1. The ISA headquarters is located in Nairobi, South Africa.
2. The ISA's 'Scaling Solar Applications for Agricultural Use' (SSAAU) program aims to deploy solar water pumps across African farming communities.
3. A significant objective of the ISA in Africa is to reduce the continent's heavy reliance on expensive and polluting diesel generators.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 2 and 3 are correct. The ISA is pushing solar pumps and mini-grids to replace diesel usage across Africa. Statement 1 is incorrect; the headquarters of the International Solar Alliance is located in Gurugram, India, not Nairobi (which is in Kenya, not South Africa anyway).
Consider the following statements regarding Telecommunication and IT cooperation:
1. The Pan African e-Network Project utilized satellite and fiber optic links to directly connect African hospitals and universities with Indian institutions.
2. The project was exclusively funded and managed by the African Union without any direct financial contribution from the Indian exchequer.
3. Indian IT firms have played a crucial role in developing banking infrastructure and mobile network systems in various developing African nations.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Tele-education and IT infrastructure built by Indian firms are massive components of the partnership. Statement 2 is incorrect; the Pan African e-Network Project was entirely funded by the Government of India.
Consider the following statements regarding Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) cooperation:
1. India's development model places a strong focus on sharing its institutional experience in the Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) sector with African nations.
2. The National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC) of India has been instrumental in setting up Vocational Training Centers and Incubation Centers across Africa.
3. Promoting SME growth is mutually recognized as crucial for job creation and addressing the challenge of youth unemployment in the African demographic dividend.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: All three statements are correct. Recognizing that both regions require massive job creation, India actively exports its successful SME and incubation models to Africa via agencies like the NSIC.
Consider the following statements regarding India's investment in Africa's Energy Sector:
1. ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL) has strategic investments in oil and gas exploration projects in African countries like Sudan and Mozambique.
2. India actively engages with resource-rich African nations to diversify its energy security framework and reduce overwhelming dependence on the Middle East.
3. The International Solar Alliance (ISA), co-founded by India, counts a significant majority of African nations among its member states.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: All three statements are correct. India actively secures hydrocarbon assets through OVL in Africa for energy diversification, while simultaneously leading the renewable energy transition in the continent through the ISA.
Consider the following statements regarding Trilateral Cooperation frameworks in Africa:
1. India and France have explored joint developmental and maritime security projects in the Western Indian Ocean and East Africa.
2. The India-Japan Asia-Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC) emphasizes digital connectivity and human resource development.
3. India partners with the UAE to leverage financial resources and logistical capabilities for investments in Africa.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: All three statements are correct. India increasingly utilizes trilateral mechanisms (with France, Japan, and the UAE) to pool resources, technical expertise, and strategic reach to execute development projects across the African continent.
Consider the following statements regarding Institutional mechanisms for economic engagement:
1. The CII-EXIM Bank Conclave on India-Africa Project Partnership is an annual flagship event that facilitates B2B and B2G engagements.
2. The India-Africa Trade Council functions as an organizational body aiming to foster business relations and explore new avenues for economic cooperation.
3. The African Development Bank is headquartered in New Delhi to specifically manage and disburse India-Africa joint infrastructural funds.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 2 are correct. The CII-EXIM Conclave is the premier business platform connecting Indian and African stakeholders. Statement 3 is incorrect; the African Development Bank is headquartered in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, not New Delhi.
Consider the following statements regarding Agenda 2063 and India's alignment:
1. India's development partnership principles heavily align with the African Union's 'Agenda 2063' vision.
2. Agenda 2063 was drafted jointly by the African Union and the Indian Ministry of External Affairs.
3. The agenda envisions an integrated, prosperous, and peaceful Africa driven by its own citizens.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 3 are correct. India ensures its development projects align with the AU's Agenda 2063, a master plan for transforming Africa into a global powerhouse. Statement 2 is incorrect; Agenda 2063 is an indigenous African blueprint entirely conceptualized and drafted by the African Union, not jointly with India.
Consider the following statements regarding Anti-colonial and Non-Aligned solidarity:
1. India provided both moral and material support to various African liberation movements, including the ANC in South Africa and SWAPO in Namibia.
2. The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was a military alliance formed by India and African nations to militarily defeat the Soviet Union.
3. India was the first country to sever trade relations with the Apartheid regime of South Africa in 1946.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 3 are correct. India holds a proud legacy of leading diplomatic boycotts against Apartheid and supporting liberation movements like the ANC. Statement 2 is incorrect; NAM was explicitly a political diplomatic grouping intended to stay strictly out of Cold War military alliances, not a military alliance itself.
Consider the following statements regarding Agriculture and Food Security cooperation:
1. India has extended support for the establishment of specialized agricultural research institutions and vocational training centers in various African countries.
2. India relies entirely on the World Food Programme (WFP) to unilaterally funnel all its agricultural aid to the African continent.
3. Indian private agricultural enterprises have increasingly engaged in contract farming and acquiring leased land in parts of East Africa.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 3 are correct. India establishes agricultural capacity-building institutes, and Indian private firms invest heavily in African commercial farming. Statement 2 is incorrect; while India collaborates with the WFP occasionally, the vast majority of its agricultural aid and institutional support to Africa is negotiated and delivered directly on a bilateral basis.
Consider the following statements regarding India's sourcing of Raw Materials from Africa:
1. India completely prohibits the import of rough diamonds and raw gold from Africa in order to promote its own domestic mining sector.
2. Africa is a highly critical source of critical minerals and rare earth elements necessary for India's strategic transition to green technologies.
3. Indian agricultural imports from Africa include significant quantities of pulses and edible nuts designed to meet domestic shortfalls.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 2 and 3 are correct. Africa supplies vital agricultural and mineral resources to India. Statement 1 is incorrect; India is one of the world's largest importers of rough diamonds and raw gold from Africa, which are essential for its massive domestic gem-cutting and jewelry-exporting industries.
Consider the following statements regarding Maritime Cooperation and the SAGAR vision:
1. India's SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) vision naturally encompasses deepening maritime security cooperation with East African littoral states.
2. India has set up Coastal Radar Surveillance Systems in nations like Mauritius and Seychelles to enhance their regional maritime domain awareness.
3. The SAGAR initiative formally integrates the naval forces of East African countries under a unified Indian Ocean Command led by the Indian Navy.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 2 are correct. SAGAR involves capacity building and setting up coastal radars to secure sea lanes. Statement 3 is incorrect; SAGAR promotes collaborative security and capacity building, not a formal unified naval command structure subordinating foreign navies under Indian control.
Consider the following statements regarding Multilateral Diplomacy and UN Reforms:
1. India and the African Union share a common, vocal interest in reforming the United Nations Security Council to reflect contemporary geopolitical realities.
2. The Ezulwini Consensus represents the African Union's common position advocating for the permanent representation of Africa in the UNSC.
3. India has consistently supported the Ezulwini Consensus and strongly advocated for the inclusion of the African Union as a permanent member of the G20.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: All three statements are correct. India and the AU align closely on multilateral reforms, with India supporting the Ezulwini Consensus (Africa's demand for UNSC seats) and successfully championing the AU's permanent induction into the G20 during its 2023 presidency.
Consider the following statements regarding India's economic diplomacy initiatives towards Africa:
1. The 'Focus Africa' Programme was launched by the Government of India to structurally enhance bilateral trade and investment with African countries.
2. The TEAM-9 (Techno-Economic Approach for Africa-India Movement) initiative was established by India along with several resource-rich West African nations.
3. Team-9 infrastructural initiatives are primarily funded by the African Development Bank with direct technical support from the European Union.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Focus Africa and TEAM-9 are key bilateral mechanisms to boost economic cooperation. Statement 3 is incorrect; TEAM-9 initiatives are primarily funded by the Government of India through concessional Lines of Credit (LoCs) routed via the EXIM Bank of India, not by the African Development Bank or the EU.
Consider the following statements regarding the Indian Diaspora and Cultural relations in Africa:
1. There is a significant Indian diaspora in countries like South Africa, Mauritius, and Kenya, acting as a historical bridge for bilateral relations.
2. The 'Kampala Principles', articulated by PM Modi in Uganda in 2018, form the modern bedrock of India's development engagement with Africa.
3. The Indian diaspora in Africa is largely a recent demographic phenomenon resulting exclusively from IT sector migrations in the 21st century.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 2 are correct. The historical diaspora and the 10 Kampala Principles deeply influence ties. Statement 3 is incorrect; the Indian diaspora in Africa is primarily historical, stemming from 19th and early 20th-century migrations involving indentured laborers, traders, and railway workers under British colonial rule.
Consider the following statements regarding the Pharmaceutical and Health Partnership:
1. India is a major supplier of affordable generic medicines, particularly crucial anti-retroviral drugs, to the African continent.
2. During the COVID-19 pandemic, India supplied crucial vaccines to several African nations under its diplomatic 'Vaccine Maitri' initiative.
3. Large Indian hospital chains have been expanding their medical footprint by setting up specialty hospitals and tertiary clinics in various African nations.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: All three statements are correct. India is recognized as the 'Pharmacy of the World,' supplying generic ARVs that revolutionized HIV treatment in Africa, conducting vaccine diplomacy, and expanding private healthcare infrastructure in the continent.
Consider the following statements regarding Cultural and Educational exchange:
1. The Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) consistently provides a large number of scholarships to African students for higher education in India.
2. The 'Study in India' program actively targets various African countries to attract foreign students to premium Indian higher education institutions.
3. African students are strictly restricted to studying only humanities and arts under the ICCR scholarship programs, excluding STEM fields.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Soft power initiatives like ICCR scholarships and 'Study in India' are major diplomatic tools. Statement 3 is incorrect; African students receive scholarships across a vast array of disciplines, heavily focusing on STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics), agriculture, and medicine.
Consider the following statements regarding the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) and India:
1. India is a signatory and founding external member of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement.
2. The operationalization of the AfCFTA presents an unprecedented opportunity for Indian businesses to tap into a newly unified African market.
3. Indian investments in African domestic manufacturing can leverage AfCFTA rules of origin to access the wider continental market duty-free.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 2 and 3 are correct. The AfCFTA creates a massive unified market that Indian FDI can exploit through domestic African manufacturing. Statement 1 is incorrect; the AfCFTA is strictly an internal continental agreement among member states of the African Union; external countries like India cannot be signatory members.
Consider the following statements comparing India and China's engagement in Africa:
1. Unlike China’s state-led mega-infrastructure focus, India's economic engagement is significantly driven by private sector investments and human capacity building.
2. The current total volume of India-Africa bilateral trade significantly exceeds the volume of China-Africa bilateral trade.
3. Indian companies operating in Africa are often perceived to hire more local labor and rely less on imported expatriate labor compared to their Chinese counterparts.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 3 are correct. India focuses on B2B ties and local capacity building, distinguishing its approach from China's. Statement 2 is incorrect; China is Africa's largest bilateral trading partner, and the volume of China-Africa trade vastly exceeds that of India-Africa trade.
Consider the following statements regarding the India-Africa Forum Summit (IAFS):
1. The India-Africa Forum Summit is the official institutional platform for African-Indian relations held under the framework of the African Union.
2. The fourth edition of the IAFS was held in New Delhi in 2020 with the participation of all 54 African nations.
3. The 'Banjul Formula' is closely associated with the participation format and selection of representatives in earlier India-Africa Forum Summits.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 3 are correct. The IAFS is the primary diplomatic platform, and early summits used the 'Banjul Formula' (inviting only 15 AU representatives). Statement 2 is incorrect; the third IAFS was held in New Delhi in 2015 with all 54 nations, but the fourth edition scheduled for 2020 was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and has not yet been held.
Consider the following statements regarding Trade dynamics and the AfCFTA:
1. India's Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) has set up institutional linkages with the AfCFTA Secretariat to facilitate B2B integration.
2. Free movement of goods within Africa under AfCFTA allows Indian companies based in one African country to seamlessly export to others.
3. To protect its domestic market, India has imposed a blanket ban on the import of all manufactured goods originating from AfCFTA member states.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Indian industries are collaborating closely with the AfCFTA to utilize Africa as an integrated manufacturing hub. Statement 3 is incorrect; India has no such blanket ban and actively encourages reciprocal trade in manufactured and value-added goods.
Consider the following statements regarding Civil Aviation and Connectivity:
1. India has signed Bilateral Air Services Agreements with multiple African countries to enhance direct flight connectivity.
2. Enhanced air connectivity is crucial for boosting medical tourism from Africa to Indian tertiary healthcare facilities.
3. The African Union has completely banned all Indian commercial airlines from entering African airspace due to environmental concerns.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Aviation connectivity is directly linked to the booming medical tourism sector, prompting numerous Air Services Agreements. Statement 3 is incorrect; there is absolutely no such ban by the AU. Indian carriers (like Air India and IndiGo) and African carriers operate regular flights between the continents.
Consider the following statements regarding healthcare diplomacy and traditional medicine:
1. India has signed MoUs with several African nations to promote cooperation in traditional systems of medicine like Ayurveda.
2. Indian pharmaceutical companies dominate the African market for affordable anti-retroviral (ARV) drugs for HIV/AIDS treatment.
3. The World Health Organization completely bans the import of Indian generic medicines into Africa due to strict patent laws.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 2 are correct. India exports traditional medicine knowledge (AYUSH) and is the primary supplier of generic ARV drugs. Statement 3 is incorrect; the WHO does not ban Indian generics. Conversely, it actively pre-qualifies and relies on Indian generic medicines for its global health campaigns in Africa.
Consider the following statements regarding the Historical Context of the partnership:
1. The historic Bandung Conference of 1955 was a significant milestone in fostering Afro-Asian solidarity against the remnants of colonialism.
2. India was at the forefront of the international diplomatic movement against the oppressive Apartheid regime in South Africa at the United Nations.
3. The 'Scramble for Africa' was a joint colonial policy initiated cooperatively by India and Britain to partition African territories for resource extraction.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 2 are correct. India was a leader in Afro-Asian solidarity and anti-Apartheid campaigns. Statement 3 is incorrect; the 'Scramble for Africa' was the invasion, occupation, division, and colonization of African territory by major *European* powers, not by India, which was itself a colonized nation at the time.
Consider the following statements regarding India-Africa cooperation in Multilateral Forums:
1. India championed the historic inclusion of the African Union (AU) as a permanent member of the G20 during its presidency in 2023.
2. Both India and African countries generally oppose the concept of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) in global climate change negotiations.
3. The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) historically served as a foundational platform for political solidarity between India and newly independent African nations.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 3 are correct. NAM built historical ties, and India championed the AU in the G20. Statement 2 is incorrect; both India and African nations fiercely *support* and advocate for the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) to ensure developed nations bear the historical cost of climate change.
Consider the following statements regarding Disaster Relief and Humanitarian Assistance:
1. The Indian Navy launched 'Operation Vanilla' to provide disaster relief to Madagascar following the devastation caused by Cyclone Diane.
2. India was one of the first responders to provide massive humanitarian aid to Mozambique following the catastrophic Cyclone Idai.
3. India's disaster relief policies strictly require African nations to repay the full cost of all humanitarian aid provided during emergencies.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 2 are correct. The Indian Navy acts as a swift First Responder in the Indian Ocean, rushing aid during cyclones like Diane and Idai. Statement 3 is incorrect; India's Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) is strictly provided as a grant/gift on humanitarian grounds, entirely without any expectation of repayment.
Consider the following statements regarding Soft Power and Cultural diplomacy:
1. The Pan-African e-Network Project was originally envisioned by former Indian President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.
2. Indian cinema (Bollywood) enjoys a massive traditional following in countries like Nigeria, Egypt, and Senegal, acting as a potent soft power tool.
3. India has facilitated the restoration of historical monuments and supported cultural festivals across various African nations through the ICCR.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: All three statements are correct. President Kalam conceptualized the e-Network, Bollywood has deep cultural penetration in Africa, and the ICCR executes a wide array of cultural diplomacy initiatives.
Consider the following statements regarding UN peacekeeping specifics:
1. India deployed the first-ever all-female Formed Police Unit to the United Nations peacekeeping mission in Liberia.
2. Indian peacekeepers have been heavily deployed in complex, volatile missions in African countries like the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUSCO).
3. The African Union has formally requested the United Nations to permanently ban all Indian peacekeepers from the continent.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 2 are correct. India's massive contributions to UN missions in Africa, including the landmark all-female unit in Liberia, are highly acclaimed. Statement 3 is incorrect; African nations and the AU highly value and frequently request the deployment of professional Indian peacekeeping troops.
Consider the following statements regarding Defence Cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR):
1. India has operationalized a coastal radar network in Madagascar to monitor maritime traffic in the Indian Ocean.
2. The Information Fusion Centre for Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) hosts liaison officers from several African partner nations.
3. India maintains a permanent sovereign naval base in Somalia to directly project power into the Mediterranean Sea.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 2 are correct. India enhances maritime domain awareness through coastal radars in nations like Madagascar and hosts African officers at the IFC-IOR in Gurugram. Statement 3 is incorrect; India does not maintain any permanent sovereign naval base in Somalia.
Consider the following statements regarding the South-South Cooperation framework:
1. India-Africa ties are fundamentally based on the 'North-South' donor-recipient dynamic rather than mutual partnership.
2. Both India and Africa leverage South-South Cooperation to share appropriate, affordable technologies that are better suited to developing economies.
3. The partnership emphasizes a departure from conditional aid, focusing instead on mutual benefit, sovereignty, and equality.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 2 and 3 are correct. The partnership explicitly avoids the conditionalities typical of Western aid, focusing on mutual respect and appropriate technology. Statement 1 is incorrect; India-Africa relations strictly embody the 'South-South Cooperation' model, fundamentally rejecting the unequal 'North-South' donor-recipient dynamic.
Consider the following statements regarding India's Private Sector footprint in Africa:
1. Indian telecom giant Bharti Airtel has previously executed massive investments to build cellular networks across multiple African countries.
2. The Indian government legally prohibits private Indian agricultural firms from operating in Africa to prevent neo-colonial land grabs.
3. Indian automakers like Tata Motors and Mahindra & Mahindra have established significant vehicle assembly operations in the continent.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Private Indian firms lead telecommunications and automotive manufacturing in Africa. Statement 2 is incorrect; the Indian government does not prohibit private agricultural firms. In fact, many Indian enterprises engage in commercial farming and agro-processing in East Africa.
Consider the following statements regarding India-Africa Security and Peacekeeping ties:
1. India is a formal troop-contributing member of the G5 Sahel joint force established to combat jihadist terrorism in West Africa.
2. India has historically been one of the largest contributors of troops to United Nations Peacekeeping missions deployed across the African continent.
3. India has instituted joint defense exercises, such as AFINDEX, specifically designed to train with and involve multiple African nations.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 2 and 3 are correct. India has a massive legacy in UN Peacekeeping in Africa and conducts the Africa-India Field Training Exercise (AFINDEX). Statement 1 is incorrect; while India provides logistical and financial support to anti-terror initiatives, it is not a formal troop-contributing member of the G5 Sahel joint force.
Consider the following statements regarding the Pan African e-Network Project (PAENP) and its successor programs:
1. The e-VidyaBharati and e-ArogyaBharati (e-VBAB) network project is an entirely funded initiative by the Government of India to provide tele-education and tele-medicine to Africa.
2. It serves as the technological and strategic successor to the Pan African e-Network Project (PAENP) which was initially launched in 2009.
3. The project aims to provide thousands of scholarships to African students for online degree programs across various Indian universities.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: All three statements are correct. The e-VBAB project succeeds the PAENP and is fully funded by the Ministry of External Affairs, India, offering up to 15,000 scholarships to African students for online education and providing crucial telemedicine consultations.
Consider the following statements regarding specific infrastructure projects funded by India:
1. The Mahatma Gandhi IT and Biotechnology Park was established in Cote d'Ivoire with Indian assistance.
2. India funded the construction of the new Supreme Court building in Mauritius.
3. A major thrust of India's infrastructural Lines of Credit is directed towards energy, water, and transport sectors in Africa.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: All three statements are correct. India actively funds high-visibility, crucial sovereign infrastructure projects, such as the IT park in Cote d'Ivoire and the Supreme Court in Mauritius, while focusing heavily on core developmental sectors like water and energy.
Consider the following statements regarding the focus on specific geographic regions (Horn of Africa):
1. The Horn of Africa is a highly strategic region for India due to its proximity to the crucial Bab el-Mandeb strait and the Red Sea trade route.
2. India officially recognizes the self-declared state of Somaliland and has established a full-fledged military embassy in its capital.
3. India has systematically expanded its diplomatic presence by opening several new resident diplomatic missions across the African continent in the last decade.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 3 are correct. The Horn is crucial for maritime security, and India has opened 18 new diplomatic missions in Africa since 2018. Statement 2 is incorrect; like the UN and AU, India formally recognizes the territorial integrity of Somalia and does not officially recognize Somaliland as an independent sovereign state.
Consider the following statements regarding India's capacity-building initiatives in Africa:
1. The Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) program strictly requires African participants to pay full tuition fees for their training in India.
2. ITEC has served as a foundational pillar of India's capacity building and soft power diplomacy in Africa since its inception in 1964.
3. Apart from civilian training, ITEC also facilitates defense training programs for military personnel from various African countries.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 2 and 3 are correct. ITEC is a core diplomatic tool providing both civilian and defense training. Statement 1 is incorrect; ITEC is a fully funded bilateral assistance program by the Government of India, meaning participants do not pay tuition fees.
Consider the following statements based on India's 'Ten Guiding Principles for Africa':
1. A core principle dictates that India's development partnership will be entirely guided by African priorities and terms.
2. The principles emphasize keeping markets open and making it structurally easier and more attractive to trade with India.
3. The principles explicitly mandate the compulsory use of the Indian Rupee for all bilateral trade settlements with African countries.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Outlined by PM Modi in Uganda, the principles focus on African-led development and open markets. Statement 3 is incorrect; while India encourages local currency trade settlement, the Kampala Principles do not 'mandate the compulsory use' of the Indian Rupee.
Consider the following statements regarding Trade dynamics and commodities:
1. Africa is a vital source of cashew nuts and pulses, which are essential to meeting India's massive domestic dietary demands.
2. The Duty Free Tariff Preference (DFTP) scheme provides African LDCs a competitive advantage over non-LDC nations in the Indian market.
3. India is actively looking to export its indigenous agricultural machinery and affordable tractors to support African agrarian transformation.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: All three statements are correct. India relies on Africa for dietary commodities (pulses, cashews), leverages the DFTP to help African LDCs, and exports massive volumes of affordable agricultural machinery (like Mahindra and TAFE tractors) to the continent.
Consider the following statements regarding maritime relations with the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region:
1. India is an observer at the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), a key regional maritime organization heavily featuring African island nations.
2. The Indian Navy frequently conducts hydrographic surveys for African island nations at their request.
3. India's SAGAR policy views the prosperity of East African littoral states as integral to the security of the wider Indian Ocean.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: All three statements are correct. India integrates East Africa into its maritime security paradigm (SAGAR), holds observer status at the IOC, and provides critical maritime capacity building, including hydrographic surveys.
Consider the following statements regarding the 'Kampala Principles' explicitly:
1. The Kampala Principles declared that India will exclusively focus its African investments in the extraction of crude oil, ignoring all other sectors.
2. Prime Minister Narendra Modi articulated the 10 guiding principles of India's engagement with Africa during his address to the Ugandan Parliament.
3. The principles heavily emphasize harnessing the digital revolution in Africa to improve public service delivery and financial inclusion.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 2 and 3 are correct. The Kampala Principles outline a holistic, multi-sectoral approach emphasizing digital revolution and African priorities. Statement 1 is incorrect; the principles explicitly push for diverse capacity building, local agriculture, and digital inclusion, directly rejecting a purely extractive resource-grab model.
Consider the following statements regarding Sub-regional groups in Africa:
1. India actively engages with Regional Economic Communities (RECs) in Africa, such as ECOWAS and SADC, to facilitate broader trade agreements.
2. The Southern African Development Community (SADC) recently merged with India to form a new transatlantic free trade zone.
3. Engaging with RECs allows India to bypass fragmented markets and deal with integrated regional economic blocs.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Engaging with Regional Economic Communities (RECs) like ECOWAS and SADC simplifies trade negotiations for India. Statement 2 is incorrect; SADC is an exclusively African regional bloc and has not merged with India to form any transatlantic free trade zone.
Consider the following statements regarding Defense Exports to Africa:
1. India has legally banned the export of all lethal weapons to African nations to maintain its non-aligned peaceful image.
2. India has actively showcased indigenous defense platforms like the Tejas fighter and Akash missile to African delegates at events like DefExpo.
3. Nations like Mauritius and Seychelles rely heavily on Indian-built patrol vessels and interceptor boats for their coast guard operations.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 2 and 3 are correct. India actively promotes its defense platforms and supplies patrol vessels to Indian Ocean nations. Statement 1 is incorrect; India has not banned defense exports. It actively seeks to expand its defense manufacturing footprint by exporting both lethal and non-lethal equipment to friendly African nations.
Consider the following statements regarding institutional mechanisms and capacity building:
1. The CV Raman International Fellowship provides opportunities for African researchers to conduct collaborative scientific research in Indian institutions.
2. India's developmental assistance emphasizes a 'demand-driven' approach, focusing on the specific requests articulated by the host African nation.
3. The India-Africa Institute of Agriculture and Rural Development (IAIARD) was established to build local capacity in Malawi.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: All three statements are correct. India's strategy heavily relies on demand-driven capacity building, evidenced by the CV Raman Fellowships and the establishment of specific institutes like the IAIARD in Malawi.
Consider the following statements regarding the Duty Free Tariff Preference (DFTP) Scheme:
1. India announced the DFTP Scheme for Least Developed Countries (LDCs), heavily benefiting the trade capacities of African nations.
2. Under this scheme, India provides duty-free market access on a vast majority of its total tariff lines to eligible African LDCs.
3. The DFTP scheme is reciprocal, meaning African LDCs must explicitly provide duty-free access to Indian goods in their domestic markets to remain eligible.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 2 are correct. India provides duty-free access to 98.2% of its tariff lines for LDCs, which includes 33 African nations. Statement 3 is incorrect; the DFTP scheme is a unilateral, non-reciprocal concession granted by India to assist the economic development of LDCs.
Consider the following statements regarding Agriculture and 'Millet' diplomacy:
1. India's push for the International Year of Millets (2023) saw significant collaboration with African nations where millets are traditional staples.
2. India provides extensive training to African agricultural scientists at institutions like ICAR and ICRISAT.
3. African countries export massive quantities of processed wheat to India to meet India's domestic food shortages.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 2 are correct. India shares robust agricultural ties with Africa, heavily focusing on climate-resilient crops like millets and providing institutional training. Statement 3 is incorrect; India is largely self-sufficient in wheat and is not dependent on massive processed wheat imports from Africa.
Consider the following statements regarding India's Lines of Credit (LoC) to Africa:
1. The Lines of Credit extended to African nations by India are purely commercial loans with interest rates significantly higher than standard market rates.
2. The Indian Development and Economic Assistance Scheme (IDEAS) provides the policy framework for concessional financing for projects in Africa through the EXIM Bank of India.
3. A significant mandate of these LoCs is that a major portion of the goods and services required for the developmental projects must be sourced from India.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 2 and 3 are correct. IDEAS manages the concessional financing, and a stipulation ensures around 75% of project goods/services are sourced from India, boosting Indian exports. Statement 1 is incorrect; LoCs are highly concessional, low-interest soft loans designed for capacity building, not high-interest commercial loans.
Consider the following statements regarding development assistance frameworks:
1. The India-UN Development Partnership Fund strictly prohibits funding for projects located in the African continent.
2. The fund is managed by the United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation (UNOSSC).
3. Several African nations have received targeted assistance for health, education, and climate resilience through this specific fund.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 2 and 3 are correct. The UNOSSC manages the fund, which actively supports African developmental projects. Statement 1 is incorrect; the India-UN Development Partnership Fund has heavily prioritized and funded numerous projects across the African continent.
Consider the following statements regarding Concessional Financing and Infrastructure:
1. India has built key sovereign infrastructure projects in Africa, including the Presidential Palace in Ghana and the National Assembly building in Gambia.
2. The focus of India's infrastructural assistance often involves critical capacity building, ensuring the transfer of technical skills to local African workers.
3. Through the EXIM Bank, India has financed critical water supply schemes and power transmission networks across several African nations.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: All three statements are correct. India uses its EXIM Bank LoCs to build crucial physical and sovereign infrastructure in Africa while emphasizing local capacity building.
Consider the following statements regarding Trilateral and Multilateral Cooperations:
1. India-Africa bilateral trade is entirely governed and restricted by the regulations of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC).
2. India increasingly works with the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and other third countries to jointly implement development projects in Africa.
3. India and the United Kingdom have explored collaborative frameworks for joint investments in the renewable energy sector in Africa.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 2 and 3 are correct. India actively engages in trilateral cooperation models (like India-UAE-Africa) for capacity building. Statement 1 is incorrect; SAARC is a regional intergovernmental organization strictly for South Asian nations and does not govern India's bilateral trade with Africa.
Consider the following statements regarding energy security and rare earths:
1. The African continent holds vast reserves of critical minerals like cobalt and lithium, which are crucial for India's electric vehicle (EV) ambitions.
2. India currently extracts 100% of its domestic uranium requirements exclusively from the Democratic Republic of Congo.
3. India-Africa bilateral forums increasingly prioritize resilient supply chains for critical minerals to reduce dependence on China.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Securing critical minerals (cobalt, lithium) from Africa is vital to India's green transition and de-risking from China. Statement 2 is incorrect; India's domestic uranium comes largely from Jharkhand and Andhra Pradesh, with imports sourced primarily from countries like Kazakhstan, Canada, and Russia, not exclusively from the DRC.
Consider the following statements regarding India-Africa Forum Summit (IAFS) mechanisms:
1. The IAFS was initiated in 2008 as a structured mechanism to regularize and elevate the India-Africa dialogue to the highest political level.
2. The IAFS framework strictly dictates that India must pay an annual tribute of $1 billion to the African Union headquarters.
3. The summits are complemented by comprehensive action plans that detail specific commitments in capacity building, trade, and technology transfer.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 3 are correct. The IAFS, launched in 2008 in New Delhi, structures the political and developmental relationship via detailed action plans. Statement 2 is incorrect; the IAFS is a platform for diplomatic and developmental partnership, not an imperial system involving annual financial tributes.
Consider the following statements regarding Trade Dynamics between India and Africa:
1. India currently maintains a massive, structural trade surplus with the African continent, importing very little in return.
2. Crude oil, natural gas, and precious stones constitute a major portion of India's total imports from the African continent.
3. Refined petroleum products and pharmaceutical goods remain among India's top value-added exports to African countries.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 2 and 3 are correct. India imports massive amounts of raw materials (oil, gold) and exports refined products and medicines. Statement 1 is incorrect; India imports heavily from Africa to meet its energy and mineral needs, meaning the trade balance is often relatively balanced or occasionally in a deficit, not a 'massive structural surplus'.
Consider the following statements regarding Security and Counter-Terrorism cooperation:
1. India has systematically appointed Defense Attachés to several newly opened African embassies to deepen military-to-military cooperation.
2. India has established a permanent, large-scale military base in the Horn of Africa to directly and unilaterally counter piracy in the Red Sea.
3. India actively provides specialized training to African military personnel in counter-insurgency and UN peacekeeping operations at its defense training institutes.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 3 are correct. India is expanding its defense diplomacy through new attachés and training programs. Statement 2 is incorrect; unlike the US, China, and France, India does not maintain a permanent, large-scale sovereign military base in the Horn of Africa (Djibouti).
Consider the following statements regarding Joint counter-terrorism and intelligence:
1. India and several African countries share common concerns regarding the radicalization of youth and the spread of transnational terror networks like Al-Shabaab.
2. Bilateral Joint Working Groups on Counter-Terrorism have been established between India and key African partner nations.
3. Cooperation includes intelligence sharing, capacity building of security forces, and strengthening legal frameworks against terror financing.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: All three statements are correct. Recognizing the transcontinental nature of terror networks, India has established robust Joint Working Groups with African nations focused on intelligence sharing, anti-radicalization, and choking terror finances.
Consider the following statements regarding technology and digital goods:
1. India strongly opposes the implementation of digital identity frameworks like Aadhaar in Africa to prevent data theft.
2. India actively offers its 'India Stack' (Digital Public Infrastructure) as an open-source solution to African nations for financial inclusion.
3. Indian tech companies are deeply involved in providing enterprise software and core banking solutions to African financial institutions.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 2 and 3 are correct. The export of DPI (India Stack) and IT enterprise solutions is a major pillar of India's tech diplomacy. Statement 1 is incorrect; India actively encourages and assists African nations in developing robust digital identity frameworks modeled on Aadhaar (e.g., Modular Open Source Identity Platform - MOSIP) to boost governance.
Consider the following statements regarding the Indian Diaspora in Africa:
1. The 'Pravasi Bharatiya Divas' deliberately excludes the Indian diaspora living in Africa from its annual celebrations.
2. The historical Indian diaspora in East Africa played a major role in the early development of the region's trade and railway networks.
3. Prime Minister Modi's address at a massive diaspora event in Johannesburg highlighted the deep cultural links with the South African Indian community.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 2 and 3 are correct. The diaspora in East and South Africa represents a profound historical and cultural link. Statement 1 is incorrect; the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas celebrates the Indian diaspora globally and actively honors and includes the massive diaspora from the African continent.
Consider the following statements regarding the Asia-Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC):
1. The Asia-Africa Growth Corridor is a joint economic cooperation agreement envisioned by the governments of India, Japan, and multiple African countries.
2. A primary objective of the AAGC is to establish joint military bases in the Indian Ocean Region to counter state-sponsored piracy.
3. It aims to provide a sustainable alternative to China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) through quality infrastructure and skill enhancement.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 3 are correct. The AAGC focuses on development, connectivity, and capacity building as a transparent alternative to the BRI. Statement 2 is incorrect; the AAGC is strictly an economic, developmental, and connectivity initiative, and does not involve establishing military bases.
Consider the following statements regarding India's EXIM Bank and projects:
1. The EXIM Bank of India operates a dedicated 'Buyer's Credit' program to facilitate the export of Indian projects and equipment to Africa.
2. A substantial portion of India's LoCs to Africa has been directed towards the agriculture and rural development sectors, including mechanization.
3. The EXIM Bank is legally prohibited from financing any project in Africa that involves the construction of railway infrastructure.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 1 and 2 are correct. EXIM Bank uses programs like NEIA (Buyer's Credit) to heavily fund agricultural, rural, and utility projects in Africa. Statement 3 is incorrect; EXIM Bank actively finances massive railway infrastructure projects across Africa, such as the rehabilitation of railway lines in Senegal and Ghana.
Consider the following statements regarding the Future Trajectory and Focus areas of the partnership:
1. Digital public infrastructure, including payment systems like UPI, is an emerging area of strategic cooperation India is offering to African nations.
2. Both India and Africa boast a high percentage of young populations, creating a shared strategic need for skill development and employment generation.
3. Enhancing maritime security in the Western Indian Ocean is considered vital by both regions for protecting the sea lines of communication linking India and Africa.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: All three statements are correct. The modern trajectory of the India-Africa partnership focuses on exporting India's digital stack (DPI), harnessing the demographic dividend, and securing the Indian Ocean maritime domain against non-traditional threats.
Consider the following statements regarding the BRICS grouping and Africa:
1. South Africa was one of the original founding members of the BRIC grouping established in 2006.
2. India strongly supported the expansion of BRICS to include African nations like Egypt and Ethiopia in 2023.
3. The New Development Bank (NDB) has established an Africa Regional Center in Johannesburg to facilitate infrastructural funding.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- All three
Explanation: Statements 2 and 3 are correct. India backed the 2023 BRICS expansion including Egypt and Ethiopia, and the NDB operates an Africa Regional Center. Statement 1 is incorrect; South Africa was not a founding member. It joined the original 'BRIC' grouping later in 2010, turning it into 'BRICS'.