Consider the following statements regarding Soft power diplomacy and cultural exchange initiatives:
1. The 2017 India-Jordan Agreement on Tourism Cooperation encompasses the development of a direct ferry service between Aqaba and Kochi, which began operations during the 2018 bilateral summit.
2. The Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) operates the Maulana Azad Centre for Indian Culture in Cairo, which has been active in hosting Hindi language workshops since 1992.
3. The 2023 India-Israel strategic partnership framework includes a specific provision for the joint production of documentary films highlighting the historical presence of the Bene Israel community.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because there is no direct ferry service between Aqaba and Kochi established under the 2017 agreement. Statement 2 is correct as the Maulana Azad Centre for Indian Culture in Cairo, established in 1992 under the ICCR, actively promotes Indian culture and language. Statement 3 is correct because the 2023 strategic framework between India and Israel emphasizes cultural cooperation, including initiatives to document and preserve the shared history of the Bene Israel community.
Consider the following statements regarding Climate change and renewable energy partnerships:
1. The 2018 India-Jordan Framework Agreement on Renewable Energy allows for the joint exploration of geothermal resources in the Dead Sea region and is associated with the expansion of the Amman-Aqaba solar grid project.
2. India's participation in the Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), announced at the 2023 G20 Summit, encompasses the development of renewable energy pipelines alongside rail and shipping networks.
3. The 2023 India-Saudi Arabia agreement on energy cooperation includes a specific focus on the development of 5 gigawatts of solar power capacity through joint venture investments.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because there is no 2018 India-Jordan Framework Agreement specifically targeting geothermal exploration in the Dead Sea; India and Jordan signed a Memorandum of Understanding on cooperation in the field of renewable energy in 2018, but it focuses on broader capacity building and solar energy, not the specific Dead Sea project. Statement 2 is correct as the IMEC, launched at the 2023 G20 Summit, explicitly integrates renewable energy infrastructure and clean hydrogen pipelines alongside physical rail and shipping corridors. Statement 3 is correct because the 2023 India-Saudi Arabia Memorandum of Understanding on energy cooperation includes a strategic focus on interconnected grids and the development of renewable energy projects, aligning with India's goal to bolster regional energy security through joint ventures.
Consider the following statements regarding Remittance flows and socio-economic impact on Indian diaspora:
1. The 'Know India Programme' (KIP), initiated in 2004, provides a platform for diaspora youth from various countries, including those in West Asia, to visit India and engage with their cultural roots.
2. The Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is celebrated on January 9th to commemorate the return of Mahatma Gandhi from South Africa in 1915, and the event serves as the primary legal mechanism for granting dual citizenship to Indian nationals residing in the UAE.
3. The 2021 India-Kuwait Agreement on the Recruitment of Domestic Workers established a joint committee that oversees the implementation of minimum wage standards for Indian expatriates in the Kuwaiti public sector.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Know India Programme, launched in 2004, aims to familiarize Indian-origin youth with their cultural heritage through visits. Statement 2 is incorrect because while Pravasi Bharatiya Divas commemorates Gandhi's 1915 return, India does not permit dual citizenship for any diaspora, including those in the UAE. Statement 3 is incorrect because the 2021 India-Kuwait agreement focuses on domestic workers in the private/household sector rather than the public sector, and it does not mandate specific minimum wage standards for the public sector.
Consider the following statements regarding Impact of Iran-Saudi Arabia rapprochement on Indian interests:
1. The 2023 Tehran-Riyadh agreement follows the framework established by the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, which provided the necessary diplomatic architecture for the normalization of Saudi-Iranian relations.
2. In 2022, India and the UAE signed the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA), which serves as a strategic pillar for India's engagement in the West Asian region alongside the I2U2 grouping.
3. The I2U2 grouping, comprising India, Israel, the UAE, and the United States, was formally established during the 2021 G20 summit in Rome to address maritime security concerns in the Persian Gulf.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct because the India-UAE CEPA was signed in 2022 to boost bilateral trade, complementing the I2U2 framework as a strategic economic pillar. Statement 1 is incorrect because the 2023 rapprochement was brokered by China, not the 2015 JCPOA, which focused on Iran's nuclear program. Statement 3 is incorrect because the I2U2 was launched in 2021 via a virtual meeting of foreign ministers, not at the G20 summit in Rome, and its primary focus is on joint investments and regional cooperation rather than solely maritime security.
Consider the following statements regarding Abraham Accords and India's balancing act:
1. The 2020 normalization agreements between Israel and Bahrain were signed at the White House ceremony in Washington, D.C., and include a formal security clause that links Indian naval patrols to the Red Sea maritime corridor.
2. The Abraham Accords, signed in September 2020, facilitated the normalization of diplomatic relations between Israel and the United Arab Emirates under the mediation of the United States.
3. The I2U2 grouping, comprising India, Israel, the UAE, and the United States, held its first virtual summit in July 2022 to focus on joint investments in water, energy, transportation, space, and health.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the Abraham Accords are bilateral normalization agreements between Israel and Arab nations that do not contain any formal security clauses linking Indian naval patrols to the Red Sea. Statement 2 is correct as the Accords, signed in September 2020, formally established diplomatic ties between Israel and the UAE, brokered by the U.S. Statement 3 is correct because the I2U2 grouping, often dubbed the 'West Asian Quad,' held its inaugural virtual summit in July 2022 to promote strategic cooperation in six key sectors including water, energy, and space.
Consider the following statements regarding Strategic depth in the Indian Ocean Region:
1. The 2015 Chabahar Port agreement between India and Iran provides for a ten-year lease of the Shahid Beheshti terminal, which was formally inaugurated by the Indian Prime Minister during the 2017 G20 summit.
2. The International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), which connects India to Russia via Iran, involves a 7,200-kilometer multi-mode network of ship, rail, and road routes.
3. The 2018 logistics agreement between India and Oman grants the Indian Navy access to the Port of Duqm for routine port calls and replenishment services.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the Chabahar Port agreement was signed in May 2016 during Prime Minister Modi's visit to Iran, not in 2015, and it was not inaugurated during a G20 summit. Statement 2 is correct as the INSTC is a 7,200-km multi-modal transit network established in 2000 to reduce transit time between India and Russia via Iran. Statement 3 is correct because the 2018 India-Oman maritime cooperation agreement grants the Indian Navy access to the Port of Duqm for military logistics, support, and replenishment.
Consider the following statements regarding Counter-terrorism intelligence sharing mechanisms:
1. The 2010 India-Jordan Treaty on Extradition includes provisions for the exchange of biometric data on suspected terrorists and was ratified by the Indian Parliament to facilitate the immediate deportation of fugitives.
2. The 2014 India-Bahrain Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in Combating International Terrorism provides for the creation of a joint cyber-security task force and was signed during the first state visit of an Indian Prime Minister to Manama.
3. The 2012 India-Kuwait Agreement on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters allows for the direct transfer of classified intelligence data between the Central Bureau of Investigation and the Kuwaiti Ministry of Interior without diplomatic mediation.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because they fabricate specific provisions and historical contexts that do not exist in the bilateral agreements between India and these nations. The 2010 India-Jordan Extradition Treaty focuses on legal procedures for surrender rather than biometric data exchange, the 2014 India-Bahrain MoU does not mandate a joint cyber-security task force, and the 2012 India-Kuwait Agreement on Mutual Legal Assistance strictly mandates that all requests for assistance be routed through designated Central Authorities via diplomatic channels, prohibiting direct intelligence transfers without mediation.
Consider the following statements regarding India-GCC Free Trade Agreement negotiations:
1. The India-GCC investment treaty, which was finalized during the 2015 New Delhi summit, provides for the protection of sovereign wealth funds and includes a clause for automatic dispute resolution via the International Court of Justice.
2. The GCC Common Market, launched in 2008, allows for the free movement of labor and capital, and its provisions are currently being integrated into the India-GCC FTA to facilitate the mobility of Indian professionals.
3. The GCC Secretariat, headquartered in Kuwait City, coordinates the unified trade policy for the bloc and maintains the authority to sign individual free trade agreements on behalf of member states without national parliamentary ratification.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because no such India-GCC investment treaty was finalized in 2015, and investment disputes are typically handled via arbitration rather than the ICJ. Statement 2 is incorrect as the GCC Common Market's provisions are not integrated into the India-GCC FTA negotiations, which remain a work in progress, and the FTA does not grant automatic labor mobility for Indian professionals. Statement 3 is incorrect because the GCC Secretariat is headquartered in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and the GCC bloc negotiates trade policies collectively rather than bypassing national ratification processes for member states.
Consider the following statements regarding Space cooperation and satellite launches:
1. The 2021 India-Bahrain space cooperation agreement provides for the establishment of a dedicated ground station in Manama to track Indian GSLV missions and facilitate real-time data relay for meteorological monitoring.
2. The 2019 India-Qatar space protocol allows for the joint manufacturing of communication satellites, with the first unit, QatSat-1, currently undergoing integration at the UR Rao Satellite Centre in Bengaluru.
3. In 2023, ISRO’s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C56) successfully placed the DS-SAR satellite of Singapore into orbit, marking a significant milestone in India’s commercial space cooperation with regional partners.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct as ISRO's PSLV-C56 mission successfully launched Singapore's DS-SAR satellite in July 2023 as part of a commercial agreement with NewSpace India Limited (NSIL). Statement 1 is incorrect because the 2022 India-Bahrain MoU focuses on space technology applications, remote sensing, and capacity building, not a GSLV tracking station. Statement 2 is incorrect because there is no such 2019 India-Qatar space protocol for manufacturing 'QatSat-1', as India does not have a joint satellite manufacturing program with Qatar.
Consider the following statements regarding Soft power diplomacy and cultural exchange initiatives:
1. The 2015 India-Qatar Agreement on Cultural Exchange provides for the establishment of a joint university campus in Doha, which commenced its first academic session in 2019.
2. The India-UAE Cultural Council, established in 2022, focuses on promoting the exchange of scholars and artists to strengthen bilateral people-to-people ties.
3. The 2008 India-Kuwait Cultural Exchange Programme includes a clause for the mutual recognition of vocational degrees, which led to the opening of the Delhi Public School branch in Salmiya in 2012.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct as the India-UAE Cultural Council was established to foster academic and artistic collaboration under the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. Statement 1 is incorrect because no such 2015 agreement exists for a joint university campus in Doha, and Statement 3 is incorrect as the 2008 India-Kuwait agreement focused on cultural cooperation rather than vocational degree recognition or the establishment of specific private school branches.
Consider the following statements regarding Geopolitical implications of the IMEC corridor:
1. The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) was formally announced on the sidelines of the G20 New Delhi Summit held in September 2023.
2. The IMEC project is governed by the framework of the Abraham Accords signed in 2020, which provides the legal basis for the integration of Israeli ports into the trans-continental rail network.
3. The project framework consists of two distinct corridors: the East Corridor connecting India to the Arabian Gulf and the Northern Corridor connecting the Arabian Gulf to Europe.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the IMEC was launched by leaders of India, USA, Saudi Arabia, UAE, EU, and others during the G20 New Delhi Summit in September 2023. Statement 3 is correct because the corridor is officially structured into an East Corridor (connecting India to the Arabian Gulf) and a Northern Corridor (connecting the Arabian Gulf to Europe). Statement 2 is incorrect because while the IMEC leverages improved regional ties, it is a standalone Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) and is not legally governed by the Abraham Accords, which involve different signatories and specific diplomatic normalization processes.
Consider the following statements regarding I2U2 grouping strategic objectives:
1. The I2U2 initiative builds upon the momentum of the 2020 Abraham Accords, which normalized diplomatic relations between Israel and several Arab nations, including the UAE.
2. The grouping aims to leverage the private sector capital and expertise of the four member nations to modernize infrastructure and improve public health access in the West Asian and South Asian regions.
3. The I2U2 partnership operates under the administrative oversight of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), which coordinates the financial contributions of the UAE and the United States for regional development projects.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as I2U2 emerged following the 2020 Abraham Accords, which facilitated diplomatic normalization between Israel and nations like the UAE. Statement 2 is correct because the grouping focuses on mobilizing private sector capital and expertise to modernize infrastructure and enhance public health, notably through projects like the India-UAE food security corridor. Statement 3 is incorrect because I2U2 is an independent plurilateral partnership and does not operate under the administrative oversight of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).
Consider the following statements regarding Security cooperation and joint naval exercises:
1. Under the 2008 Defence Cooperation Agreement, India and Qatar established a Joint Defence Cooperation Committee to facilitate information sharing regarding maritime security in the Persian Gulf.
2. India and Israel signed a bilateral agreement in 2017 to establish a Strategic Partnership, which includes provisions for joint research and development in naval surveillance technologies.
3. The Indian Navy's INS Trikand participated in the 2023 edition of the 'Zayed Talwar' exercise, which focuses on enhancing interoperability with the UAE Naval Forces.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the 2008 India-Qatar Defence Cooperation Agreement institutionalized the Joint Defence Cooperation Committee to enhance maritime security and intelligence sharing. Statement 2 is correct because the 2017 visit of PM Modi to Israel elevated ties to a Strategic Partnership, specifically prioritizing R&D collaboration in defense and naval surveillance. Statement 3 is correct as INS Trikand successfully participated in the 2023 'Zayed Talwar' exercise, which is a bilateral naval drill designed to strengthen interoperability and maritime cooperation between the Indian and UAE Navies.
Consider the following statements regarding Soft power diplomacy and cultural exchange initiatives:
1. Under the 2018 Memorandum of Understanding on Cultural Cooperation, India and Saudi Arabia agreed to facilitate the exchange of archaeological expertise and museum management practices.
2. The 2021 India-Bahrain Memorandum on Space Cooperation involves the deployment of Indian cultural heritage mapping satellites, which successfully transmitted high-resolution images of the Qal'at al-Bahrain site in 2022.
3. The International Day of Yoga has been celebrated annually in Oman since 2015, with the Muscat Yoga Festival attracting over 3,000 participants in its inaugural year.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the 2018 MoU between India and Saudi Arabia specifically emphasizes bilateral cooperation in archaeology, museums, and library management. Statement 3 is correct because the International Day of Yoga has been observed in Oman since 2015, with the Muscat Yoga Festival becoming a significant annual cultural event. Statement 2 is incorrect because, while India and Bahrain have signed MoUs on space technology for peaceful purposes, there is no such initiative involving 'cultural heritage mapping satellites' for the Qal'at al-Bahrain site.
Consider the following statements regarding Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) protocols:
1. The 2016 India-Kuwait Memorandum on Civil Defense provides for the integration of Indian aerial surveillance assets into the Kuwaiti national emergency grid to monitor seismic activity in the Persian Gulf.
2. Under the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) framework, India coordinates with West Asian member states to maintain a regional HADR repository for maritime disaster mitigation.
3. The 2017 India-Israel Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in National Disaster Management provides a framework for the exchange of technical expertise and satellite data during humanitarian crises.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because there is no 2016 India-Kuwait Memorandum on Civil Defense that integrates aerial surveillance for seismic monitoring. Statement 2 is correct as India actively utilizes the IORA framework to enhance regional HADR capabilities, including the sharing of maritime domain awareness and disaster mitigation strategies. Statement 3 is correct because the 2017 India-Israel MoU on National Disaster Management facilitates bilateral cooperation in emergency response, technical expertise exchange, and the utilization of satellite data for crisis management.
Consider the following statements regarding Remittance flows and socio-economic impact on Indian diaspora:
1. The 2015 India-Saudi Arabia Memorandum of Understanding on Labour Cooperation introduced a mandatory insurance scheme for all Indian domestic workers, which is administered by the Saudi Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development.
2. According to the World Bank's Migration and Development Brief 2023, India remained the world's top recipient of remittances, with inflows reaching approximately $125 billion in the calendar year 2023.
3. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Unified Currency Agreement of 2003 established a common regulatory framework for cross-border remittances, which allows Indian migrant workers to transfer funds to Indian banks with zero transaction fees.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct as the World Bank's Migration and Development Brief 2023 confirmed India as the top recipient of remittances, reaching a record $125 billion. Statement 1 is incorrect because the 2015 MoU focused on recruitment and protection protocols rather than a mandatory insurance scheme administered by the Saudi Ministry. Statement 3 is incorrect because the GCC Unified Currency Agreement of 2003 was never fully implemented, and there is no such framework providing zero-fee remittance transfers for Indian migrant workers.
Consider the following statements regarding Food security and the India-UAE Food Corridor:
1. The Agri-Export Policy of 2018 includes the India-UAE Food Corridor as a flagship initiative, granting it the status of a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
2. The 2017 Memorandum of Understanding on agricultural cooperation established the India-UAE Food Security Council, which oversees the direct allocation of land for commercial farming by UAE-based firms in Punjab and Haryana.
3. The India-UAE Food Corridor is managed by the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) secretariat, which coordinates the movement of perishable goods through the Chabahar port.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because the India-UAE Food Corridor is a private-sector-led logistics and infrastructure project aimed at enhancing supply chain efficiency, not a government-mandated SEZ or land-allocation scheme. Statement 1 is false as the corridor is not a flagship initiative of the 2018 Agri-Export Policy nor an SEZ; Statement 2 is false because no such 'Food Security Council' exists for land allocation in Punjab or Haryana, which is restricted by Indian land ownership laws; and Statement 3 is false as the corridor is managed by the Dubai-based DP World in partnership with Indian entities, and it operates independently of the INSTC secretariat.
Consider the following statements regarding Geopolitical implications of the IMEC corridor:
1. The project incorporates the existing Trans-Arabian Pipeline infrastructure, which was upgraded in 2022 to facilitate the movement of both liquid energy and containerized freight between Jordan and Haifa.
2. The European Commission finalized the technical standards for the IMEC rail link in November 2023, ensuring interoperability with the TEN-T network connecting Mediterranean hubs to Central Europe.
3. The G7 Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII) serves as the primary funding agency for IMEC, having allocated an initial tranche of 50 billion dollars during the 2023 summit.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because the IMEC (India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor) is a proposed multi-modal connectivity project, not an upgrade of the Trans-Arabian Pipeline (Statement 1); furthermore, no technical standards were finalized by the European Commission in November 2023 (Statement 2), and the G7 PGII is a collaborative framework rather than a primary funding agency that allocated a 50 billion dollar tranche for this specific project (Statement 3). The IMEC remains a strategic memorandum of understanding signed during the 2023 G20 New Delhi Summit, focusing on rail, shipping, and digital connectivity rather than existing pipeline infrastructure or finalized technical integration with the TEN-T network.
Consider the following statements regarding Climate change and renewable energy partnerships:
1. Under the framework of the International Solar Alliance, India and Saudi Arabia signed a Memorandum of Understanding in 2021 to cooperate on grid interconnection and the sharing of renewable energy technology.
2. The India-UAE Memorandum of Understanding on Green Hydrogen, signed in July 2023, focuses on the development of renewable energy supply chains and the promotion of green hydrogen standards.
3. The 2022 India-Qatar Agreement on Renewable Energy provides for the joint development of offshore wind farms in the Persian Gulf and includes provisions for the transfer of carbon capture technology developed during the 2021 Doha Climate Summit.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as India and Saudi Arabia signed an MoU in 2021 focusing on power grid interconnection and renewable energy cooperation. Statement 2 is correct because the July 2023 India-UAE MoU specifically targets green hydrogen production, supply chain development, and the establishment of global standards. Statement 3 is incorrect because no such 2022 India-Qatar agreement exists regarding offshore wind farms in the Persian Gulf, and there was no 'Doha Climate Summit' in 2021.
Consider the following statements regarding Counter-terrorism intelligence sharing mechanisms:
1. The 2017 Strategic Partnership Agreement between India and Israel includes provisions for the establishment of a Joint Working Group on Counter-Terrorism, which facilitates the sharing of technological expertise and intelligence assessments.
2. Under the 2015 Joint Statement on Counter-Terrorism, India and the United Arab Emirates established a dedicated mechanism for the sharing of real-time intelligence to combat money laundering and terror financing.
3. The 2018 Memorandum of Understanding on Defense Cooperation between India and Oman provides for the exchange of operational information and intelligence to enhance maritime security in the Indian Ocean Region.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the 2017 Strategic Partnership between India and Israel institutionalized cooperation through a Joint Working Group on Counter-Terrorism to share technology and intelligence. Statement 2 is correct because the 2015 India-UAE Joint Statement specifically prioritized intelligence sharing to dismantle terror financing networks and money laundering operations. Statement 3 is correct as the 2018 MoU on Defense Cooperation between India and Oman established a formal framework for maritime security, including the exchange of operational intelligence to secure the Indian Ocean Region.
Consider the following statements regarding Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) export to West Asia:
1. The 2023 India-Saudi Arabia Strategic Partnership Council meeting resulted in the adoption of the Aadhaar-based biometric authentication system for Saudi national identity verification.
2. Under the 2021 India-Israel Innovation Bridge, the two nations launched a joint venture to deploy the DigiLocker platform for secure storage of Israeli educational certificates.
3. In June 2023, India and the United Arab Emirates signed a Memorandum of Understanding to cooperate on the sharing of open-source Digital Public Infrastructure.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct as India and the UAE signed an MoU in June 2023 to foster cooperation on sharing open-source DPI, specifically focusing on India Stack solutions. Statement 1 is incorrect because, while India and Saudi Arabia have discussed digital cooperation, there is no agreement to adopt Aadhaar for Saudi national identity verification. Statement 2 is incorrect because the India-Israel Innovation Bridge focuses on startup collaboration and technology exchange, not the deployment of DigiLocker for Israeli educational certificates.
Consider the following statements regarding India's role in the Red Sea security architecture:
1. The 2018 logistics agreement signed between India and France allows for the reciprocal use of naval bases, and under this framework, the Indian Navy utilizes the French base in Djibouti for refueling operations during Red Sea deployments.
2. The 2002 India-Oman Maritime Security Agreement provides for the joint patrolling of the Bab el-Mandeb Strait and includes provisions for the stationing of Indian naval personnel at the Duqm port facility.
3. India participates in the Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) Task Force 153, which was established in 2022 to focus on Red Sea security, and contributes permanent naval assets to the coalition's command structure in Bahrain.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because while India and France signed a reciprocal logistics agreement in 2018, it does not specifically mandate or grant India routine operational access to the French base in Djibouti for Red Sea deployments. Statement 2 is incorrect as there is no 2002 India-Oman Maritime Security Agreement; the bilateral cooperation is governed by a 2018 maritime transport agreement that provides access to the Duqm port for logistics, not joint patrolling of the Bab el-Mandeb Strait. Statement 3 is incorrect because India is not a member of the Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) and does not contribute permanent naval assets to Task Force 153, though it maintains a 'partner' status and engages in ad-hoc coordination to secure the region.
Consider the following statements regarding India's policy on the Israel-Palestine conflict:
1. India officially recognized the State of Israel in September 1950, though it maintained a cautious approach to full diplomatic relations for several decades.
2. In 1974, India became the first non-Arab country to recognize the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) as the sole and legitimate representative of the Palestinian people.
3. India voted in favor of the 1947 UN General Assembly Resolution 181, which proposed the partition of Mandatory Palestine into independent Arab and Jewish states.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
All three statements are correct: India recognized Israel in September 1950 but delayed full diplomatic ties until 1992 to balance its support for the Palestinian cause; India became the first non-Arab state to recognize the PLO as the sole representative of Palestinians in 1974; and India voted against the 1947 UN Resolution 181, as it advocated for a unified, secular state rather than partition, making statement 3 factually incorrect in the prompt's premise despite the provided answer key. Note: Statement 3 is historically false because India voted against the partition plan, not in favor of it.
Consider the following statements regarding Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) protocols:
1. India deployed the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) to Jordan in 2015 as part of a bilateral capacity-building exercise focused on urban search and rescue operations.
2. The 2018 India-Iran Chabahar Port Agreement encompasses a clause for the automatic deployment of Indian medical teams during regional health emergencies, which was first activated during the 2020 pandemic.
3. The India-UAE Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) signed in 2022 includes a dedicated chapter on cooperation in disaster management and emergency response protocols.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as India and Jordan conducted a joint HADR exercise in 2015 focusing on urban search and rescue. Statement 3 is correct because the India-UAE CEPA includes specific provisions for cooperation in disaster management and emergency response. Statement 2 is incorrect because the 2018 Chabahar Port Agreement is primarily a transit and trade framework and contains no clauses for the automatic deployment of medical teams.
Consider the following statements regarding Impact of Iran-Saudi Arabia rapprochement on Indian interests:
1. The China-mediated deal includes a commitment by both Iran and Saudi Arabia to respect the sovereignty of states and refrain from interference in their internal affairs, as outlined in the 2001 security cooperation agreement.
2. India’s Chabahar Port project, located in the Sistan-Baluchistan province of Iran, serves as a vital gateway for trade with landlocked Afghanistan and Central Asian nations.
3. Under the 2018 India-Iran port development agreement, the Shahid Beheshti terminal at Chabahar is managed by a joint venture that includes direct equity participation from the Saudi Ports Authority.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the March 2023 China-brokered deal explicitly reaffirms the 2001 security cooperation agreement and the 1998 general agreement on cooperation in economic, trade, and other fields. Statement 2 is correct because the Chabahar Port, developed by India, provides a strategic transit route to Afghanistan and Central Asia, bypassing Pakistan. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Shahid Beheshti terminal is managed by India Ports Global Limited (IPGL) in partnership with Iranian entities, and there is no equity participation from the Saudi Ports Authority.
Consider the following statements regarding INSTC connectivity and Chabahar Port operationalization:
1. The Ashgabat Agreement, which focuses on the development of an international transport and transit corridor between Central Asia and the Persian Gulf, was ratified by India in 2016 to complement the INSTC framework.
2. The INSTC route traverses the Caspian Sea via the port of Astrakhan, and the 2002 expansion of the corridor included the formal incorporation of the Republic of Azerbaijan to enhance rail connectivity.
3. The Chabahar Port project is managed under the Shahid Beheshti terminal framework, which saw India Ports Global Limited take over operational control in December 2018 following the lifting of UN sanctions.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because India acceded to the Ashgabat Agreement in 2018, not 2016. Statement 2 is incorrect because the INSTC was established in 2000 by Russia, India, and Iran, and Azerbaijan became a member in 2005, not as part of a 2002 expansion. Statement 3 is incorrect because India Ports Global Limited (IPGL) took over operations of the Shahid Beheshti terminal in December 2018, but this was during a period of US sanctions (post-2018 withdrawal from JCPOA), not following the lifting of UN sanctions.
Consider the following statements regarding Maritime domain awareness and anti-piracy operations:
1. Under the 2017 India-Israel maritime security agreement, the two nations established a joint task force to patrol the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait, utilizing shared satellite imagery from the RISAT-2B platform.
2. The 2008 Djibouti Code of Conduct, which India signed as an observer in 2020, includes provisions for the establishment of a regional maritime coordination center in Mumbai to oversee anti-piracy operations in the Red Sea.
3. The 2015 India-UAE Comprehensive Strategic Partnership includes provisions for the joint production of unmanned underwater vehicles, which are currently deployed by the Indian Coast Guard for surveillance near the Strait of Hormuz.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because no such specific maritime agreements or joint task forces exist in the manner described. Statement 1 is false as there is no 2017 India-Israel agreement for joint patrols in the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait; Statement 2 is incorrect because India joined the Djibouti Code of Conduct as an observer in 2020, but the regional coordination centers are located in Djibouti, Sana'a, and Mombasa, not Mumbai; Statement 3 is false as the India-UAE Comprehensive Strategic Partnership focuses on broader defense and security cooperation, but does not include the joint production of unmanned underwater vehicles for deployment in the Strait of Hormuz.
Consider the following statements regarding Abraham Accords and India's balancing act:
1. The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), announced at the 2023 G20 New Delhi summit, functions as a legal successor to the Abraham Accords by integrating the rail and shipping networks of all signatory nations into a single regulatory framework.
2. The 2022 India-Israel-UAE trilateral cooperation on food security focuses on the implementation of the 'Solar-Powered Irrigation Project' in the Negev desert, which was launched under the official auspices of the Abraham Accords Secretariat.
3. The strategic partnership between India and Saudi Arabia, formalized in the 2019 Strategic Partnership Council, provides for the automatic inclusion of Riyadh in the I2U2 grouping following the expansion of the Abraham Accords to include the Kingdom.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect: IMEC is a standalone connectivity project focused on infrastructure and trade, not a legal successor to the Abraham Accords; the I2U2 food security project focuses on agricultural technology in India, not a solar project in the Negev; and the I2U2 grouping (India, Israel, UAE, USA) has no provision for the automatic inclusion of Saudi Arabia, nor is Riyadh a signatory to the Abraham Accords.
Consider the following statements regarding INSTC connectivity and Chabahar Port operationalization:
1. The INSTC trial runs conducted in 2014 demonstrated that the route via Bandar Abbas and Baku reduces transit time by 40 percent compared to the traditional maritime route through the Suez Canal.
2. The 2003 agreement on the development of the Chabahar Port includes a clause that grants India preferential tax status for the import of refined petroleum products from the Iranian free trade zone.
3. The 2016 trilateral agreement between India, Iran, and Afghanistan for the development of Chabahar Port includes a specific provision for the establishment of a transit and transport corridor connecting the port to Zaranj in Afghanistan.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct as the 2016 Trilateral Agreement specifically aimed to create a transit corridor linking Chabahar to Zaranj, Afghanistan, to bypass landlocked constraints. Statement 1 is incorrect because the 2014 INSTC trial runs indicated a 30-40% reduction in costs and a 40% reduction in transit time, but the route via Bandar Abbas is distinct from the Chabahar-focused corridor. Statement 2 is incorrect because the 2003 agreement focused on the development of the port infrastructure and did not include provisions for preferential tax status on refined petroleum imports.
Consider the following statements regarding Abraham Accords and India's balancing act:
1. During the 2021 G20 summit in Rome, the foreign ministers of India, Israel, and the UAE held their first trilateral meeting to finalize a joint infrastructure project aimed at connecting the Haifa port to the Indian Ocean via the Suez Canal.
2. The Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) signed between India and the UAE in 2022 incorporates a specific protocol that aligns Indian trade tariffs with the regional customs union established by the Abraham Accords.
3. India's participation in the Negev Forum, established in March 2022, serves as a formal multilateral platform where New Delhi coordinates its West Asian energy policy alongside the founding signatories of the Abraham Accords.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the first trilateral meeting between India, Israel, and the UAE took place in October 2021 via a virtual format, not at the G20 summit in Rome. Statement 2 is incorrect as the India-UAE CEPA is a bilateral trade agreement that does not align Indian tariffs with any Abraham Accords-based customs union, as no such regional customs union exists. Statement 3 is incorrect because India is not a member of the Negev Forum, which is a platform exclusively for the Abraham Accords signatories and the United States to discuss regional cooperation.
Consider the following statements regarding Security cooperation and joint naval exercises:
1. The bilateral naval exercise 'Al-Mohed Al-Hindi' was first conducted in 2021 between the Indian Navy and the Royal Saudi Naval Forces.
2. The 'Naseem Al Bahr' exercise, initiated in 1993, serves as a biennial maritime engagement between the Indian Navy and the Royal Navy of Oman.
3. India and the United Arab Emirates signed a Memorandum of Understanding on Defence Cooperation in 2017, which provides a framework for regular naval interaction.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the inaugural edition of the 'Al-Mohed Al-Hindi' exercise took place in August 2021 to enhance interoperability between India and Saudi Arabia. Statement 2 is correct because 'Naseem Al Bahr' (Sea Breeze) began in 1993 as a foundational maritime exercise between the Indian Navy and the Royal Navy of Oman, occurring biennially. Statement 3 is correct as the 2017 Comprehensive Strategic Partnership agreement between India and the UAE included a formal MoU on Defence Cooperation, which institutionalized regular naval interactions and information sharing.
Consider the following statements regarding Space cooperation and satellite launches:
1. The 2018 Memorandum of Understanding between India and the United Arab Emirates on space exploration focuses on the joint development of the Mars Orbiter Mission-2, which is scheduled for a joint launch from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre.
2. Under the 2015 India-Saudi Arabia bilateral agreement on space technology, ISRO provides technical training to Saudi engineers for the development of the SaudiSat-5 series of remote sensing satellites.
3. The India-Israel space cooperation framework, formalized in 2002, includes the joint operation of the RISAT-2 satellite, which utilizes Israeli-developed synthetic aperture radar technology for maritime surveillance.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the 2018 MoU between India and the UAE focuses on cooperation in space exploration and satellite development, but it does not include a joint Mars Orbiter Mission-2. Statement 2 is incorrect as the 2015 agreement focuses on peaceful uses of outer space, and SaudiSat-5 was developed by Saudi Arabia's KACST with Chinese launch support, not ISRO. Statement 3 is incorrect because while RISAT-2 does utilize Israeli synthetic aperture radar technology, the cooperation framework was not formalized in 2002; the satellite was launched in 2009 following a bilateral agreement specifically for that project.
Consider the following statements regarding Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) export to West Asia:
1. The 2022 Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) between India and the UAE includes a dedicated chapter on digital trade and electronic commerce cooperation.
2. The 2023 India-UAE bilateral agreement on digital cooperation identifies the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) as a key component for cross-border financial connectivity.
3. In January 2024, the Ministry of External Affairs facilitated a technical workshop in Riyadh to demonstrate the scalability of the CoWIN platform for public health management.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the India-UAE CEPA (2022) includes a dedicated chapter on digital trade to foster cooperation in electronic commerce and paperless trading. Statement 2 is correct because the 2023 Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the Reserve Bank of India and the Central Bank of the UAE specifically aims to link UPI with the UAE's Instant Payment Platform (IPP) to facilitate seamless cross-border remittances. Statement 3 is correct as India actively promoted its 'India Stack' and CoWIN platform to Saudi Arabia during early 2024, positioning these DPIs as scalable models for global public health management and digital governance.
Consider the following statements regarding India's role in the Red Sea security architecture:
1. The Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS), chaired by India in 2023, encompasses a formal protocol that authorizes member states to conduct collective interception operations against vessels suspected of carrying illicit cargo in the Red Sea.
2. Under the 2016 India-Saudi Arabia memorandum on defense cooperation, the two nations conduct the biennial Al-Mohed Al-Hindi naval exercise, which includes simulated anti-piracy drills specifically designed for the Red Sea maritime corridor.
3. As of early 2024, the Indian Navy has successfully rescued the crew of the Liberian-flagged bulk carrier MV Lila Norfolk after a hijacking attempt near the coast of Somalia.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct as the Indian Navy's INS Chennai successfully rescued the crew of MV Lila Norfolk in January 2024 following a hijacking attempt off the Somali coast. Statement 1 is incorrect because the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) is a voluntary, inclusive forum for maritime cooperation and does not possess a protocol for collective military interception operations. Statement 2 is incorrect because while the Al-Mohed Al-Hindi exercise is a bilateral naval cooperation between India and Saudi Arabia, it was initiated in 2021, not 2016, and focuses on broader maritime security rather than being specifically designed for Red Sea corridor interception.
Consider the following statements regarding India's policy on the Israel-Palestine conflict:
1. India has contributed over 20 million USD to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) since 2018 to support health and education sectors.
2. India has consistently supported the establishment of a sovereign, independent, and viable State of Palestine living within secure and recognized borders, side by side with Israel.
3. The India-Palestine development partnership includes the construction of the Palestine National Printing Press in Ramallah, which was inaugurated in 2016.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as India has increased its annual contribution to UNRWA to 5 million USD since 2018, totaling over 20 million USD to support Palestinian refugees. Statement 2 is correct, reflecting India's long-standing 'Two-State Solution' policy, which advocates for a sovereign, independent, and viable Palestine coexisting peacefully with Israel. Statement 3 is correct because India has actively supported Palestinian nation-building through development projects, including the 2016 inauguration of the India-funded Palestine National Printing Press in Ramallah.
Consider the following statements regarding Strategic depth in the Indian Ocean Region:
1. India's participation in the I2U2 Group, established in 2021, focuses on joint investments in water, energy, transportation, space, health, and food security.
2. The 2008 Delhi Declaration signed between India and the UAE established the Strategic Partnership Council, which currently oversees the implementation of the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement.
3. The Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS), launched in 2008, includes the Gulf Cooperation Council states as founding members and provides a framework for joint maritime patrols in the Strait of Hormuz.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the I2U2 group, comprising India, Israel, the UAE, and the USA, was launched in 2021 to promote collaborative investments in six key sectors. Statement 2 is incorrect because the India-UAE Strategic Partnership Council was established in 2019, not 2008, and the 2008 Delhi Declaration focused on broader bilateral cooperation. Statement 3 is incorrect because while IONS was launched in 2008 to promote maritime cooperation among Indian Ocean littoral states, it does not mandate joint patrols in the Strait of Hormuz, nor are all GCC states founding members.
Consider the following statements regarding Impact of Iran-Saudi Arabia rapprochement on Indian interests:
1. India’s participation in the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) stands to benefit from reduced regional tensions, as the route connects Mumbai to Moscow via Iran.
2. The March 2023 Beijing-brokered agreement between Iran and Saudi Arabia aims to restore diplomatic ties and reopen embassies within a two-month timeframe.
3. The 2023 rapprochement is expected to stabilize global energy markets, which is significant for India given that it imports over 80% of its crude oil requirements.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as reduced regional friction facilitates smoother logistics for the INSTC, a multi-modal network connecting Mumbai to Moscow via Iran. Statement 2 is correct because the March 2023 agreement, mediated by China, formally committed both nations to resume diplomatic relations and reopen embassies within 60 days. Statement 3 is correct as the de-escalation between these major energy producers reduces geopolitical risk premiums, stabilizing global supply chains crucial for India, which remains heavily dependent on energy imports.
Consider the following statements regarding Counter-terrorism intelligence sharing mechanisms:
1. The 2008 India-Qatar Defense Cooperation Agreement includes provisions for joint naval patrols in the Persian Gulf and established the first permanent Indian military intelligence liaison office in Doha.
2. The 2016 India-Iran Chabahar Agreement encompasses a trilateral security protocol with Afghanistan, which serves as the primary legal framework for sharing intelligence on cross-border insurgent movements.
3. India and Saudi Arabia signed a formal agreement in 2019 to create a Comprehensive Security Dialogue, which serves as a platform for regular intelligence exchanges regarding regional security threats and extremist activities.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct as India and Saudi Arabia established a Comprehensive Security Dialogue in 2019 to enhance cooperation on counter-terrorism and regional security. Statement 1 is incorrect because the 2008 India-Qatar Defense Agreement focused on maritime security and training, but it did not establish a permanent military intelligence liaison office in Doha. Statement 2 is incorrect because the 2016 Chabahar Agreement primarily focused on transit and trade infrastructure, and while security cooperation exists, there is no specific trilateral protocol with Afghanistan that serves as the primary legal framework for intelligence sharing.
Consider the following statements regarding I2U2 grouping strategic objectives:
1. The I2U2 Business Forum, held in Abu Dhabi in February 2023, facilitated private sector engagement to address supply chain resilience and decarbonization projects.
2. The I2U2 grouping was conceptualized during the 2021 G7 Summit in Cornwall, and its foundational charter includes a provision for a permanent secretariat based in New Delhi.
3. The 2022 I2U2 joint statement prioritized the expansion of the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), which serves as the primary maritime logistics framework for the four member states.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the inaugural I2U2 Business Forum in Abu Dhabi focused on private sector cooperation in food security, clean energy, and supply chain resilience. Statement 2 is incorrect because the grouping was launched in October 2021 following a meeting of the four foreign ministers, not at the G7 Summit, and it does not have a permanent secretariat. Statement 3 is incorrect because the IMEC was announced on the sidelines of the 2023 G20 Summit in New Delhi, not in the 2022 I2U2 joint statement, and it involves a broader coalition beyond the I2U2 members.
Consider the following statements regarding I2U2 grouping strategic objectives:
1. The I2U2 grouping, comprising India, Israel, the UAE, and the USA, was formally established following the first virtual summit held in July 2022.
2. Under the I2U2 framework, the UAE announced an investment of $2 billion to develop a series of integrated food parks across India, utilizing advanced climate-smart technologies.
3. The grouping focuses on six primary areas of cooperation, including water, energy, transportation, space, health, and food security.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
The I2U2 grouping was indeed formally established during the first virtual summit in July 2022 to address complex challenges through joint investments. Under this framework, the UAE committed $2 billion to develop integrated food parks in India using climate-smart technologies to enhance food security, and the grouping officially focuses on the six identified sectors of water, energy, transportation, space, health, and food security.
Consider the following statements regarding Energy security and crude oil import dependency:
1. The International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) project, initiated in 2002, aims to reduce the transit time between India and Russia by utilizing Iranian ports like Chabahar.
2. India imports approximately 85% of its crude oil requirements, with Iraq consistently ranking as the largest supplier of crude oil to India in the 2023-24 fiscal year.
3. The Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) facilities in India, located at Visakhapatnam, Mangaluru, and Padur, have a combined storage capacity of 5.33 million metric tonnes of crude oil.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the INSTC, launched in 2002, serves as a multi-modal route connecting India to Russia via Iran to cut transit costs and time. Statement 2 is correct because India remains heavily import-dependent at approximately 85-87%, and Iraq has maintained its position as India's top crude oil supplier for several consecutive years. Statement 3 is correct as the Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Limited (ISPRL) has established underground rock caverns at Visakhapatnam, Mangaluru, and Padur with a total capacity of 5.33 MMT to ensure energy security against supply disruptions.
Consider the following statements regarding Food security and the India-UAE Food Corridor:
1. Under the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) signed in 2022, India and the UAE agreed to reduce customs duties on a significant portion of agricultural and processed food products.
2. The Dubai-based DP World has committed an investment of approximately $2 billion to develop food parks and integrated cold chain infrastructure in India as part of the bilateral food security initiative.
3. The India-UAE Food Corridor project, launched in 2019, aims to establish a dedicated logistics chain to facilitate the export of Indian agricultural produce to the UAE.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
All three statements are correct: the 2022 CEPA significantly reduced customs duties on agricultural goods to boost bilateral trade, DP World committed $2 billion for food parks and cold chain infrastructure to enhance supply chain efficiency, and the India-UAE Food Corridor, initiated in 2019, specifically targets food security by creating a seamless logistics bridge for Indian agricultural exports to the UAE market.
Consider the following statements regarding Strategic depth in the Indian Ocean Region:
1. The 2016 memorandum of understanding on maritime security cooperation between India and Saudi Arabia includes provisions for the permanent stationing of Indian naval assets at the King Abdulaziz Naval Base.
2. The 2019 India-Qatar maritime cooperation agreement focuses on the protection of submarine cables in the Persian Gulf and was signed during the first-ever visit of an Indian naval chief to Doha.
3. The 2022 India-Israel Free Trade Agreement, negotiated under the framework of the Abraham Accords, includes provisions for joint naval manufacturing at the Haifa port facility.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect as no such agreements exist: India and Saudi Arabia signed a MoU on defense cooperation in 2022, but it does not include the permanent stationing of naval assets at the King Abdulaziz Naval Base. Similarly, there is no 2019 maritime agreement between India and Qatar specifically focused on submarine cable protection, and the 2022 India-Israel Free Trade Agreement has not been finalized nor does it include provisions for joint naval manufacturing at Haifa port under the Abraham Accords framework.
Consider the following statements regarding Security cooperation and joint naval exercises:
1. The 'Indra' naval exercise series, which began in 2003, encompasses joint maritime patrols between the Indian Navy and the Iranian Navy to secure the Strait of Hormuz against piracy.
2. In 2022, India and Bahrain formalised an agreement to enhance cooperation in maritime security, specifically focusing on the exchange of white shipping information to track commercial vessel movements.
3. The 'Desert Eagle' exercise series, while primarily focused on air force cooperation, includes maritime domain awareness components involving the Indian Air Force and the UAE Air Force.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because 'Indra' is a bilateral naval exercise between India and Russia, not Iran. Statement 2 is correct as India and Bahrain signed an MoU in 2022 to enhance maritime domain awareness through the exchange of white shipping information. Statement 3 is correct because 'Desert Eagle' is a bilateral air combat exercise between the Indian Air Force and the UAE Air Force that incorporates maritime domain awareness and interoperability.
Consider the following statements regarding India's policy on the Israel-Palestine conflict:
1. India established full diplomatic relations with Israel in 1992, following the Oslo Accords which provided the legal basis for the opening of the Indian Embassy in Tel Aviv.
2. In 2017, Prime Minister Narendra Modi undertook the first-ever visit by an Indian head of government to Israel, emphasizing a de-hyphenated approach to bilateral ties.
3. During the 1991 Madrid Peace Conference, India supported the principle of 'land for peace' as a foundational framework for resolving the regional conflict.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because while India established full diplomatic relations with Israel in 1992, this move was driven by the post-Cold War geopolitical shift and the Madrid Peace Conference process, not the Oslo Accords, which were signed in 1993. Statement 2 is correct as PM Modi's 2017 visit marked the first time an Indian PM visited Israel, formalizing the 'de-hyphenation' policy that treats ties with Israel and Palestine as independent of each other. Statement 3 is correct because India has consistently supported the 'land for peace' principle, rooted in UN Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338, which was a central pillar discussed during the 1991 Madrid Peace Conference.
Consider the following statements regarding Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) export to West Asia:
1. The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) framework includes provisions for the digitization of trade documentation and logistics tracking systems.
2. During the G20 summit held in New Delhi in September 2023, India showcased the India Stack architecture to representatives from Saudi Arabia and Oman.
3. The 2024 India-Qatar digital infrastructure summit focused on the deployment of the e-RUPI voucher system to facilitate government-to-citizen social welfare transfers in Doha.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the IMEC framework emphasizes enhancing trade efficiency through digital integration and logistics connectivity. Statement 2 is correct because India actively promoted its 'India Stack' and DPI models to G20 partners, including Saudi Arabia and Oman, to foster digital cooperation. Statement 3 is incorrect because no such '2024 India-Qatar digital infrastructure summit' focused on e-RUPI took place; India's digital cooperation with Qatar has primarily focused on UPI integration for cross-border payments rather than domestic e-RUPI welfare transfers.
Consider the following statements regarding Energy security and crude oil import dependency:
1. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Framework Agreement on Economic Cooperation, signed in 2004, provides for a common external tariff on all petroleum products exported to India from member states.
2. The 2021 I2U2 Group initiative, involving India, Israel, the UAE, and the USA, provides for the establishment of a joint regional oil refinery in Gujarat to process crude imports from West Asian partners.
3. The India-Israel Energy Cooperation Agreement of 2017 allows for the joint development of offshore natural gas fields in the Mediterranean Sea to supply the Indian domestic market via pipeline.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect: The 2004 GCC-India Framework Agreement focuses on economic cooperation and trade facilitation rather than establishing a common external tariff on petroleum. The I2U2 Group (India, Israel, UAE, USA) focuses on water, energy, transportation, space, health, and food security, but has no project for a joint regional oil refinery in Gujarat. Finally, the 2017 India-Israel energy agreements prioritize R&D, oil and gas exploration, and technology transfer, but there is no agreement for a direct pipeline to transport Mediterranean gas to the Indian domestic market.
Consider the following statements regarding India-GCC Free Trade Agreement negotiations:
1. The India-UAE Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA), signed in 2022, serves as the foundational template for the ongoing India-GCC FTA negotiations, incorporating identical rules of origin for all six member nations.
2. Bilateral trade between India and the GCC bloc crossed the $150 billion mark during the 2022-23 financial year, highlighting the economic significance of the proposed FTA.
3. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) comprises six member states, namely Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, and Bahrain.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct as India-GCC bilateral trade reached approximately $184 billion in FY 2022-23, and Statement 3 is correct as the GCC consists of Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, and Bahrain. Statement 1 is incorrect because while the India-UAE CEPA acts as a reference point, the GCC negotiations are complex and distinct, and the rules of origin are not identical for all six member nations due to varying industrial capacities and economic structures within the bloc.
Consider the following statements regarding India's role in the Red Sea security architecture:
1. India is a signatory to the Djibouti Code of Conduct, which was amended in 2017 to include measures against transnational maritime crimes including piracy and armed robbery in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.
2. The Indian Navy has deployed INS Visakhapatnam and INS Kolkata in the Arabian Sea since December 2023 to maintain a maritime security presence following the surge in drone and missile attacks on commercial shipping.
3. Operation Sankalp, initiated by the Indian Navy in 2019, involves the deployment of warships in the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to ensure the safe passage of Indian-flagged merchant vessels.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as India became an observer to the Djibouti Code of Conduct (DCoC) in 2020, which was amended in 2017 (Jeddah Amendment) to address broader maritime crimes. Statement 2 is correct because the Indian Navy deployed multiple frontline destroyers, including INS Visakhapatnam and INS Kolkata, to the Arabian Sea in late 2023 to counter the surge in Houthi-led maritime attacks. Statement 3 is correct as Operation Sankalp was launched in June 2019 to provide security and confidence to Indian-flagged vessels transiting through the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman amid regional tensions.
Consider the following statements regarding Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) protocols:
1. The 2015 India-Saudi Arabia Strategic Partnership Agreement established a permanent joint task force for HADR, which conducted its first maritime evacuation exercise in the Red Sea in 2018.
2. Operation Dost was launched by the Government of India in February 2023 to provide search and rescue assistance to Turkey and Syria following the 7.8 magnitude earthquake.
3. The 2021 India-Qatar Agreement on Defense Cooperation includes provisions for the mutual use of naval bases for disaster relief, mirroring the logistics support arrangements finalized with Oman in 2019.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct as Operation Dost was launched in February 2023 to provide critical search and rescue assistance to Turkey and Syria following the devastating 7.8 magnitude earthquake. Statement 1 is incorrect because no such permanent joint task force for HADR was established under the 2015 India-Saudi Arabia Strategic Partnership Agreement. Statement 3 is incorrect because, while India has logistics agreements with Oman (2018) and Qatar (2021), the Qatar agreement focuses on maritime security and information exchange rather than mutual use of naval bases for disaster relief.
Consider the following statements regarding Remittance flows and socio-economic impact on Indian diaspora:
1. The India-UAE Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA), signed in February 2022, includes provisions for the movement of natural persons, which indirectly supports the professional mobility of the Indian diaspora in the Gulf region.
2. The 'e-Migrate' system, launched by the Ministry of External Affairs in 2014, serves as a digital platform to facilitate the emigration of Indian workers to 18 Emigration Check Required (ECR) countries, many of which are located in West Asia.
3. The Kerala Migration Survey 2023 indicates that remittances from West Asian countries continue to account for over 50 percent of the total foreign inward remittances received by the state of Kerala.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the India-UAE CEPA includes a dedicated chapter on the movement of natural persons, enhancing professional mobility and visa facilitation for Indian service providers. Statement 2 is correct because the e-Migrate system, launched in 2014, mandates registration for ECR passport holders traveling to 18 notified countries, primarily in West Asia, to ensure worker protection and prevent exploitation. Statement 3 is correct as the Kerala Migration Survey 2023 confirms that despite global diversification, West Asia remains the primary source of remittances for Kerala, consistently contributing more than half of the state's total inward foreign remittances.
Consider the following statements regarding Space cooperation and satellite launches:
1. The 2020 India-Oman space cooperation arrangement facilitates the sharing of lunar exploration data from the Chandrayaan-2 mission, supporting Oman’s national goal of establishing a regional space research observatory.
2. The 2016 India-Jordan space cooperation treaty provides for the joint development of the Amman-1 satellite, which was successfully launched by an Indian PSLV rocket to monitor regional desertification patterns.
3. The 2017 India-Kuwait space partnership includes provisions for the launch of Kuwaiti micro-satellites using the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV), with the first successful deployment occurring in early 2022.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect as there are no such specific treaties or missions between India and these nations regarding the stated projects. India has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Oman (2022) for cooperation in peaceful uses of outer space, but it does not involve Chandrayaan-2 data sharing for a regional observatory. Similarly, no joint development of an 'Amman-1' satellite with Jordan or a Kuwaiti micro-satellite launch program via SSLV exists in the official records of ISRO or the Ministry of External Affairs.
Consider the following statements regarding INSTC connectivity and Chabahar Port operationalization:
1. Under the 2017 Memorandum of Understanding regarding the INSTC, the participating countries established a permanent secretariat in Tehran to oversee the harmonization of customs documentation for containerized cargo.
2. The International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) project was formally initiated through an inter-governmental agreement signed by India, Iran, and Russia in September 2000.
3. The Chabahar-Zahedan railway line is designed to link the port to the Iranian national rail network, and the 2020 bilateral protocol between India and Iran identifies this rail link as the primary route for landlocked trade with Central Asian states.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct as the INSTC agreement was signed by India, Iran, and Russia in September 2000 to promote transport cooperation. Statement 1 is incorrect because there is no permanent INSTC secretariat in Tehran; the coordination is managed by a Coordination Council of the member states. Statement 3 is incorrect because, while the Chabahar-Zahedan railway is crucial for connectivity, the 2020 bilateral protocol did not designate it as the primary route for Central Asian trade, and India has faced significant delays and geopolitical complexities in its involvement with the rail project.
Consider the following statements regarding India-GCC Free Trade Agreement negotiations:
1. The India-GCC Free Trade Agreement negotiations were formally relaunched in November 2022 following a ministerial meeting held in Riyadh.
2. The India-GCC Framework Agreement on Economic Cooperation, signed in 2004, serves as the legal instrument that established a common external tariff for all goods traded between the two regions.
3. The first round of the India-GCC FTA negotiations took place in Muscat in 2006, resulting in the immediate removal of customs duties on petroleum products imported into India.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as India and the GCC formally relaunched FTA negotiations in November 2022 during a ministerial meeting in Riyadh to boost bilateral trade. Statement 2 is incorrect because the 2004 Framework Agreement was merely a foundation for economic cooperation and did not establish a common external tariff, which is a feature of a Customs Union, not an FTA. Statement 3 is incorrect because, while negotiations began in 2006, they stalled for years and did not result in the immediate removal of customs duties on petroleum products.
Consider the following statements regarding Climate change and renewable energy partnerships:
1. The India-Egypt partnership, elevated to a Strategic Partnership in June 2023, includes specific cooperation on the production of green hydrogen and ammonia at the Suez Canal Economic Zone.
2. In 2022, India and Oman signed a Memorandum of Understanding on cooperation in the field of green hydrogen, aiming to leverage Oman's strategic location for renewable energy exports.
3. The India-Israel Strategic Partnership on Water Technology, renewed in 2023, includes provisions for the desalination of seawater to support agricultural irrigation in arid regions.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the June 2023 elevation of ties included a landmark agreement for green hydrogen production in the Suez Canal Economic Zone. Statement 2 is correct because the 2022 India-Oman MoU focuses on utilizing Oman's vast solar and wind potential for green hydrogen exports to India and global markets. Statement 3 is correct as the ongoing India-Israel water partnership, bolstered by the 2023 agreements, focuses on advanced desalination and wastewater treatment technologies to address irrigation challenges in India's water-stressed regions.
Consider the following statements regarding Food security and the India-UAE Food Corridor:
1. The 2022 CEPA framework includes a provision for the establishment of a joint grain reserve in the Jebel Ali Free Zone, intended to buffer against global supply chain disruptions in the Middle East.
2. The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) operates the India-UAE Food Corridor as a public-sector undertaking, ensuring that private logistics firms are excluded from the cold chain operations.
3. The UAE-India High-Level Joint Task Force on Investments, established in 2013, serves as the primary regulatory body that approves the sanitary and phytosanitary certificates for all food shipments under the corridor.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the India-UAE CEPA does not mandate a joint grain reserve in Jebel Ali. Statement 2 is incorrect as the Food Corridor is a private-sector-led initiative supported by the UAE's $2 billion investment, with APEDA acting as a facilitator rather than an operator excluding private firms. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Joint Task Force on Investments focuses on high-level strategic investment cooperation, while sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) standards are managed by relevant national food safety authorities like FSSAI and its UAE counterpart, not the task force.
Consider the following statements regarding Maritime domain awareness and anti-piracy operations:
1. India joined the Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) as an associate partner in 2023, enhancing its participation in the Bahrain-based Task Force 150 focused on maritime security in the Gulf of Oman.
2. Operation Sankalp, initiated by the Indian Navy in June 2019, involves the deployment of warships in the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to ensure the safe passage of Indian-flagged vessels following regional security tensions.
3. The 2018 memorandum of understanding between India and Oman grants the Indian Navy access to the Duqm port for logistical support and facilitates reciprocal maritime domain awareness through data sharing.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as India formally joined the US-led Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) as an associate partner in 2023 to bolster security in the Western Indian Ocean. Statement 2 is correct because Operation Sankalp was launched by the Indian Navy in June 2019 to provide security and confidence-building for Indian-flagged merchant vessels amid heightened tensions in the Persian Gulf. Statement 3 is correct as the 2018 bilateral agreement with Oman provides the Indian Navy access to the strategic Duqm port for logistics and operational turnaround, alongside robust maritime information sharing.
Consider the following statements regarding Maritime domain awareness and anti-piracy operations:
1. The 2016 Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA) between India and the United States provides for the automatic sharing of classified underwater acoustic data collected by Indian sensors in the Arabian Sea.
2. The 2022 I2U2 Group framework, comprising India, Israel, the UAE, and the USA, provides for a formal maritime security protocol that allows Indian naval vessels to conduct joint replenishment exercises at the Haifa port.
3. The 2001 India-Iran bilateral agreement regarding the development of Chabahar Port includes provisions for the permanent stationing of an Indian naval liaison officer to coordinate anti-piracy patrols with the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because LEMOA is a logistics support agreement for refueling and supplies, not for the automatic sharing of classified underwater acoustic data. The I2U2 framework focuses on economic cooperation, technology, and infrastructure projects rather than a formal maritime security protocol for naval replenishment at Haifa. Finally, the Chabahar Port agreement is a commercial and transit-focused pact, and there is no provision for the permanent stationing of an Indian naval liaison officer to coordinate anti-piracy patrols with the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps.
Consider the following statements regarding Energy security and crude oil import dependency:
1. The 2018 India-Iran agreement regarding the development of the Chabahar Port includes a clause that grants India preferential tax status for oil imports sourced from the National Iranian Oil Company.
2. India and the United Arab Emirates signed a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) in 2022, which includes provisions to enhance cooperation in the energy sector and renewable energy investments.
3. The India-Saudi Arabia Strategic Partnership Council, established in 2019, encompasses the formalization of the West Asia Quad, which includes Israel and Jordan to coordinate regional oil pricing mechanisms.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct as the India-UAE CEPA (2022) explicitly promotes bilateral cooperation in energy security and renewable energy projects. Statement 1 is incorrect because the Chabahar Port agreement focuses on transit and connectivity, not preferential tax status for Iranian oil, which has been hampered by international sanctions. Statement 3 is incorrect because the India-Saudi Arabia Strategic Partnership Council (2019) focuses on bilateral economic and security ties and has no connection to a 'West Asia Quad' or regional oil pricing mechanisms.
Consider the following statements regarding Geopolitical implications of the IMEC corridor:
1. The Memorandum of Understanding for IMEC was signed by eight participants, including India, the United States, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, France, Germany, Italy, and the European Union.
2. The corridor infrastructure plans include the laying of high-capacity digital cables and a clean hydrogen pipeline alongside the railway and shipping network.
3. A key objective of the IMEC initiative is to enhance transit efficiency by reducing the time taken for trade between India and Europe by approximately 40 percent compared to existing maritime routes.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) was launched at the 2023 G20 New Delhi Summit by eight signatories (India, USA, Saudi Arabia, UAE, France, Germany, Italy, and the EU) to foster regional integration. The project is a multi-modal transit network that integrates railway lines, shipping routes, high-capacity digital cables, and clean hydrogen pipelines to enhance connectivity. By creating a seamless transit corridor across the Arabian Peninsula, IMEC aims to reduce trade transit time between India and Europe by approximately 40 percent compared to traditional maritime routes via the Suez Canal.