With reference to 'LiFE' (Lifestyle for Environment) mentioned in India's NDC, consider the following statements:
1. It aims to replace 'mindless and destructive consumption' with 'mindful and deliberate utilization'.
2. It is a mass movement to nudge individuals to adopt environment-friendly behaviors.
3. It was formally introduced as a global mission during the COP28 Dubai summit.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1, 2 and 3
- 1 and 3 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 2 only
Explanation: Statement 3 is incorrect; LiFE was introduced by PM Modi at COP26 (Glasgow) and formally launched as a mission in 2022.
Consider the following statements regarding the 'Green Credit Programme' launched by India:
1. It was introduced to monetize and incentivize environment-positive actions beyond carbon.
2. It is a part of the 'LiFE' movement to encourage tree plantation and water conservation.
3. It allows only public sector enterprises to trade green credits in the initial phase.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1, 2 and 3
- 1 only
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
Explanation: Statement 3 is incorrect; the programme is designed to involve individuals, communities, and private sectors in environment-friendly activities.
What does the 'K' in the PM-KUSUM scheme stand for?
Explanation: PM-KUSUM stands for Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan.
Which specific terminology is used in India's updated NDC to define its 2030 power sector target?
- Green Hydrogen Capacity.
- Renewable Energy Generation.
- Non-fossil fuel-based energy capacity.
- Zero-carbon footprint energy output.
Explanation: The term 'non-fossil fuel-based' is crucial as it encompasses nuclear and large hydro, which contribute to zero-emission capacity.
India's target to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of $CO_2$ equivalent is primarily to be achieved through:
- Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology.
- Oceanic iron fertilization programs.
- Reduction in livestock methane emissions.
- Enhanced forest and tree cover.
Explanation: This quantitative target specifically focuses on the LULUCF (Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry) sector to sequester carbon naturally.
The 'National Action Plan on Climate Change' (NAPCC) includes which of the following missions?
1. National Solar Mission
2. National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency
3. National Mission on Sustainable Habitat
4. National Mission for Green India
Select the correct answer:
- 1, 2 and 4 only
- 3 and 4 only
- 1 and 2 only
- All of the above
Explanation: The NAPCC consists of 8 missions, including all those listed above.
Under the Paris Agreement, NDCs are revised to ensure global warming stays 'well below':
- $3^\circ C$
- $1^\circ C$
- $1.5^\circ C$
- $2^\circ C$
Explanation: The goal is to hold global average temperature to well below $2^\circ C$ and pursue efforts to limit it to $1.5^\circ C$.
Consider the following statements regarding India’s climate finance needs as per the NDC:
1. India expects developed countries to provide $1 trillion in climate finance by 2030.
2. The updated NDC states that India will fund all its climate targets through domestic resources only.
3. Climate finance is essential for the 'Technology Transfer' required for the 500 GW target.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 2 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
- 1 and 3 only
- 1 and 2 only
Explanation: Statement 2 is incorrect; India explicitly calls for international climate finance and technology transfer to achieve its ambitious targets.
The 'Panchamrit' framework was presented during which UNFCCC Conference of Parties?
Explanation: Panchamrit was the highlight of India’s participation in the Glasgow Summit (COP26) in 2021.
Consider the following statements regarding 'Nature-based Solutions' (NbS) in India's NDC:
1. They involve using ecosystems like mangroves and wetlands to sequester carbon.
2. The 'MISHTI' scheme for mangrove restoration supports the Carbon Sink target.
3. NbS are generally more expensive and less effective than mechanical carbon capture.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1, 2 and 3
- 1 and 3 only
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
Explanation: Statement 3 is incorrect; NbS are often more cost-effective and provide co-benefits like biodiversity and coastal protection.
With reference to the 'Common But Differentiated Responsibilities' (CBDR), which statement best reflects India's stance?
- Climate action should be based on historical responsibility.
- Only island nations deserve climate adaptation funds.
- All nations must reach Net Zero simultaneously.
- Developing nations should pay higher carbon credits.
Explanation: CBDR-RC acknowledges that while all states are responsible for addressing climate change, developed countries have a greater historical contribution to GHG emissions and should lead the effort.
Which sector is the largest contributor to India's greenhouse gas emissions?
- Energy (Power)
- Industrial Processes
- Agriculture
- Transport
Explanation: The energy sector, predominantly coal-based power generation, remains the largest source of GHG emissions in India.
Which of the following describes the 'Carbon Credit Trading Scheme' (CCTS) in India?
- A national framework to establish a domestic carbon market to meet NDC goals.
- A scheme to give free carbon credits to farmers for using organic manure.
- A law that mandates every household to buy carbon credits to offset LPG use.
- An international agreement to sell India's carbon sinks to European countries.
Explanation: CCTS is being developed to incentivize emission reductions through a market-based mechanism within India.
Consider the following statements regarding 'Climate Finance':
1. It refers only to the funds provided by developed nations to developing ones.
2. The 'Green Climate Fund' (GCF) is an operating entity of the UNFCCC financial mechanism.
3. The annual $100 billion goal by developed countries has been consistently met since 2020.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 2 only
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 only
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect as it includes domestic and private flows. Statement 3 is incorrect as the $100bn target has not been consistently met.
Consider the following statements regarding 'Common But Differentiated Responsibilities' (CBDR):
1. It acknowledges that developed countries should lead in combating climate change.
2. It justifies different timelines for achieving Net Zero for developing nations like India.
3. It is a principle formally established under the Kyoto Protocol and removed in the Paris Agreement.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 2 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
- 1 and 2 only
- 1 and 3 only
Explanation: Statement 3 is incorrect; CBDR remains a foundational principle of the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement, emphasizing equity based on historical emissions.
What is the primary difference between the 2015 INDC and the 2022 Updated NDC regarding 'Non-fossil capacity'?
- The 2015 target was 40%, while the 2022 target is 50%.
- The 2015 target was absolute (GW), while the 2022 target is percentage based.
- The 2015 target was 20%, while the 2022 target is 45%.
- There is no difference; the 2022 NDC only added the LiFE mission.
Explanation: India significantly raised its ambition for non-fossil capacity in the updated NDC based on its rapid progress in the renewable sector.
Consider the following statements regarding the 'One Sun, One World, One Grid' (OSOWOG):
1. It was launched by India and the United Kingdom at COP26.
2. It aims to connect regional solar power grids into a single global grid.
3. It is intended to bypass the need for battery storage by utilizing time-zone differences.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1 and 2 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Explanation: All statements are correct. OSOWOG leverages the fact that 'the sun never sets' to provide continuous solar power across borders.
With reference to the 'Panchamrit' strategy, what is the target year for achieving 50% energy from non-fossil sources?
Explanation: 2030 is the 'mid-term' target year for four of the five Panchamrit goals, with only Net Zero set for 2070.
India's target of 500 GW non-fossil fuel capacity includes which of the following energy sources?
1. Solar and Wind energy
2. Large Hydroelectric projects
3. Nuclear Power
4. Natural Gas-based power
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
- 1 and 2 only
- 1, 2, 3 and 4
- 1, 2 and 3 only
- 1, 3 and 4 only
Explanation: Natural gas is a fossil fuel. Non-fossil sources include renewables (Solar, Wind, Small Hydro) plus Large Hydro and Nuclear power.
Consider the following statements regarding the 'Net Zero' concept:
1. It means a country's emissions are reduced to zero in absolute terms.
2. It is achieved when a country’s emissions are balanced by absorptions by carbon sinks.
3. India is the only major economy to set its Net Zero target beyond the year 2060.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 1, 2 and 3
- 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect; Net Zero is about balance, not absolute zero. Statement 3 is incorrect; while many set 2050/2060, India’s 2070 target reflects its 'Common But Differentiated Responsibilities'.
Consider the following pairs of Climate Initiatives and their Lead Countries:
1. International Solar Alliance (ISA) : India & France
2. Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) : India & USA
3. Leadership Group for Industry Transition (LeadIT) : India & Sweden
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
- 1, 2 and 3
- 1 and 2 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 2 and 3 only
Explanation: Pair 2 is incorrectly matched; CDRI was launched by India at the UN Climate Action Summit in 2019, but it was not a joint launch with the USA like the ISA or LeadIT.
Regarding the 'Panchamrit' framework announced at COP26, consider the following statements:
1. India will reduce its carbon intensity by 45% by 2030.
2. India will fulfill 50% of its energy requirements from renewable energy by 2030.
3. The target for achieving Net Zero emissions is set for 2050.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Explanation: Statement 2 is technically incorrect in the context of the updated NDC, which specifies '50% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy sources' rather than 'energy requirements'. Statement 3 is incorrect as India's Net Zero target is 2070.
With reference to India’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) submitted in 2022, consider the following statements:
1. India committed to reducing the Emissions Intensity of its GDP by 45 percent by 2030, from the 2005 level.
2. It includes the vision of 'LiFE' – 'Lifestyle for Environment' as a key component of climate action.
3. India aims to achieve 50 percent cumulative electric power installed capacity from renewable energy sources by 2030.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
- 3 only
Explanation: Statement 3 is technically incorrect because the NDC specifies 50% capacity from 'non-fossil fuel-based energy sources,' which includes nuclear and large hydro, not just 'renewable energy' as strictly defined in some contexts.
In the context of international climate negotiations, what does the 'Ratchet Mechanism' imply?
- Periodic reviews to increase the ambition of climate targets.
- Countries must reduce their NDC targets if they face an economic crisis.
- A legal penalty for countries failing to meet their 2030 goals.
- The automatic transfer of green technology from North to South.
Explanation: The Paris Agreement requires countries to submit new NDCs every five years, with each subsequent one being more ambitious than the previous.
Consider the following statements:
1. India's per capita emissions are higher than the global average.
2. India's cumulative historical emissions are lower than that of the US and EU.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 2 only
- 1 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect; India's per capita emissions are significantly lower than the global average. Statement 2 is correct.
In India's NDC, 'Adaptation' efforts are specifically highlighted for which vulnerable group?
- Himalayan trekking communities.
- High-tech manufacturing labor.
- Coastal urban populations.
- Rain-fed agricultural farmers.
Explanation: India’s NDC emphasizes adaptation in agriculture, particularly for small and marginal farmers who rely on rain-fed systems.
Consider the following statements regarding 'Additionality' in carbon sink projects:
1. It means the carbon sequestered must be over and above what would have happened naturally.
2. It ensures that the forest growth is not just a result of existing environmental laws.
3. Additionality is a requirement for projects to earn credits in a carbon market.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 3 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 2 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Explanation: All statements are correct. Additionality is a key integrity principle in carbon accounting to ensure climate action is genuine.
With reference to the 'Panchamrit', India's commitment to '50% energy from non-fossil sources' refers specifically to:
- Percentage of households using solar cookers.
- Total primary energy consumption.
- Cumulative electric power installed capacity.
- Total fuel used in the transport sector.
Explanation: The target is focused on the power generation sector—specifically the installed capacity of power plants.
Regarding the 'Green Credit Programme', which of the following is correct?
- It incentivizes voluntary environmental actions across sectors.
- It is restricted to the manufacturing industry in SEZs.
- It replaces the existing Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) mechanism.
- It is a mandatory regulatory tax on carbon emissions.
Explanation: Green Credits reward various activities like water conservation, waste management, and afforestation beyond just carbon reduction.
Which pillar of Panchamrit is most directly affected by the 'Perform, Achieve and Trade' (PAT) scheme?
- 500 GW Non-fossil capacity.
- Net Zero by 2070.
- Expansion of the Carbon Sink.
- Reduction in Emission Intensity of GDP.
Explanation: PAT focuses on energy efficiency in industrial sectors, which directly lowers the emissions produced per unit of economic output.
Which of the following is a 'Prohibited' activity under the 2022 Forest Conservation Rules?
- Installation of wind turbines in non-notified forest areas.
- Diversion of forest land without Gram Sabha consent.
- Traditional agriculture by forest dwellers.
- Re-forestation of degraded lands with local species.
Explanation: Protecting the rights of the Gram Sabha is a critical regulatory safeguard in forest conservation.
What is the primary significance of the 'LiFE' (Lifestyle for Environment) mission in India's climate strategy?
- A shift toward mindful and deliberate utilization.
- Subsidizing electric vehicles in rural areas.
- Complete ban on single-use plastics by 2025.
- Mandatory carbon taxes for urban households.
Explanation: Mission LiFE aims to replace mindless and destructive consumption with mindful and deliberate utilization to protect and preserve the environment.
Which global platform did India launch alongside France during the COP21 Paris Summit to support its NDC goals?
- The International Solar Alliance (ISA)
- The LeadIT (Leadership Group for Industry Transition)
- The Global Green Hydrogen Alliance
- The Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)
Explanation: The ISA was launched at COP21 to promote solar energy deployment in 'Sun-rich' countries, significantly aiding India's non-fossil capacity targets.
In the context of India’s climate targets, what does the 'Carbon Sink' commitment involve?
- Achieving zero deforestation by 2025 and replanting 50% of the degraded Western Ghats forest area.
- Restoring 26 million hectares of degraded land to act as a primary methane absorber for the agricultural sector.
- Creating an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent through forest and tree cover by 2030.
- Developing Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology to trap all industrial emissions from coal-fired power plants.
Explanation: This target was part of the original 2015 INDC and was reaffirmed in the 2022 update as a core quantitative commitment for the LULUCF sector.
Which term describes the 'avoided' carbon emissions by switching from coal to solar?
- Carbon Sequestration
- Carbon Offset
- Fugitive Emissions
- Emission Abatement
Explanation: Abatement refers to the reduction or removal of a pollutant or its source.
Which of the following describes the 'Methane Alert and Response System' (MARS) in India's climate context?
- A domestic satellite system to track agricultural methane.
- A global satellite-based system to which India contributes data.
- A financial penalty for leaks in natural gas pipelines.
- A mandatory sensor-based cap on cattle methane output.
Explanation: MARS was launched at COP27 to scale up global efforts to detect and act on major methane emission sources.
Regarding the 'Perform, Achieve and Trade' (PAT) scheme, which statement is correct?
- It targets energy efficiency in energy-intensive industries.
- It deals with the trading of water conservation credits.
- It is a market-based mechanism for carbon sequestration.
- It is restricted to the MSME sector in North India.
Explanation: PAT is a regulatory instrument to reduce specific energy consumption in energy-intensive sectors.
The 'Climate Equity Monitor' website was launched by India to:
- Calculate the individual carbon credits of Indian citizens.
- Monitor global emissions based on climate justice principles.
- Track the carbon footprint of Indian states.
- Provide subsidies for green tech to neighboring countries.
Explanation: It highlights the disparity in emissions between developed and developing nations to advocate for equity.
Consider the following statements regarding India’s 'Long-Term Low-Emission Development Strategy' (LT-LEDS):
1. It was submitted at COP27 (Sharm el-Sheikh).
2. It outlines the path to Net Zero by 2070.
3. It focuses exclusively on the transition of the transport sector.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 1, 2 and 3
- 1 only
- 2 and 3 only
Explanation: Statement 3 is incorrect; LT-LEDS is a multi-sectoral strategy.
The 'One Sun, One World, One Grid' (OSOWOG) initiative primarily addresses which challenge of renewable energy?
- High cost of solar panel manufacturing.
- Land acquisition for solar parks.
- Low efficiency of photovoltaic cells.
- Intermittency and lack of storage.
Explanation: By connecting different time zones, OSOWOG ensures that solar power generated in a sunlit region can be used in a region experiencing night.
Consider the following statements regarding India's Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs):
1. The NDCs are legally binding under the Paris Agreement.
2. India's updated NDC (2022) aims for 500 GW of non-fossil fuel-based energy capacity by 2030.
3. The NDCs must be updated every five years as per the 'Ratchet Mechanism'.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
- 3 only
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect; NDCs are voluntary commitments, not legally binding. Statement 2, while a 'Panchamrit' goal, was not explicitly quantified as '500 GW' in the formal 2022 NDC text submitted to UNFCCC.
Which pillar of Panchamrit is most closely linked to the 'FAME-II' and 'PM-KUSUM' schemes?
- Net Zero by 2070.
- 500 GW non-fossil capacity.
- 1 billion tonne emission reduction.
- 45% emission intensity reduction.
Explanation: FAME (Electric Vehicles) and KUSUM (Solar Pumps) primarily reduce the carbon footprint of transport and agriculture per unit of output.
Which ministry is the nodal agency for coordinating the implementation of India's NDCs?
- Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)
- Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)
- Ministry of External Affairs
- Ministry of Power
Explanation: The MoEFCC leads the climate policy and international negotiations regarding the UNFCCC and NDCs.
Under the 'Panchamrit' declaration, India has committed to reducing its total projected carbon emissions until 2030 by:
- 5 billion tonnes.
- 2 billion tonnes.
- 1 billion tonnes.
- 500 million tonnes.
Explanation: This is one of the five nectar elements (Panchamrit) which aims for an absolute reduction in projected cumulative emissions by 2030.
Consider the following statements regarding the 'Panchamrit' targets announced by India at COP26:
1. India will achieve a net-zero emissions target by the year 2050.
2. India will increase its non-fossil energy capacity to 500 GW by 2030.
3. India will reduce the total projected carbon emissions by one billion tonnes from now onwards till 2030.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1, 2 and 3
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 2 only
- 1 and 3 only
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect because India’s Net-Zero target is set for 2070, not 2050. Statements 2 and 3 are two of the five pillars of the Panchamrit strategy.
The concept of 'Emissions Intensity' in the Indian NDC refers to:
- GHG emissions per capita of the population.
- Absolute amount of $CO_2$ emitted annually.
- GHG emissions per unit of GDP.
- Methane emissions from the agricultural sector.
Explanation: Emission intensity measures how 'carbon-efficient' an economy is by calculating how much greenhouse gas is emitted for every unit of economic value generated.
Under the Panchamrit goals, India aims to reduce the carbon intensity of its economy by more than:
- 50 percent
- 40 percent
- 33 percent
- 45 percent
Explanation: The target was increased from the original 33-35% (Paris 2015) to 45% (Glasgow 2021) in terms of emissions intensity of the GDP by 2030.
Which Indian initiative supports the NDC target of '50% non-fossil capacity' by promoting green hydrogen production?
- National Green Hydrogen Mission
- FAME-II Scheme
- PM-KUSUM Scheme
- Mission Innovation 2.0
Explanation: The mission aims to make India a global hub for green hydrogen, significantly reducing dependence on fossil fuels in industrial and transport sectors.
With reference to 'Carbon Intensity' vs 'Emission Intensity', which statement is true regarding India’s targets?
- India uses Emission Intensity, which counts CO2 equivalent of all greenhouse gases.
- India uses Carbon Intensity, which counts only CO2 emissions.
- India has moved from intensity-based targets to absolute emission caps in 2022.
- Both terms are used interchangeably in the official UNFCCC documents for India.
Explanation: India’s target of 45% reduction is for the 'Emissions Intensity' of GDP, covering all GHGs including methane and nitrous oxide.
Consider the following statements regarding the National Green Hydrogen Mission:
1. It supports the 'Panchamrit' goal of decarbonizing the industrial sector.
2. It aims to develop a production capacity of at least 5 MMT per annum by 2030.
3. Green Hydrogen is produced using Electrolysis powered by Coal-based electricity.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
- 2 and 3 only
Explanation: Statement 3 is incorrect; Green Hydrogen is defined by the use of renewable/non-fossil energy for electrolysis.
Regarding the 'Global Biofuel Alliance' (GBA) launched at the G20, which statement is true?
- It was first proposed by Brazil and seconded by the UK.
- It mandates a 20% ethanol blending target for all G20 members.
- It is a consultative body with no formal headquarters.
- It aims to facilitate the global trade in biofuels.
Explanation: The GBA aims to foster global collaboration for the advancement and adoption of biofuels and to help develop global standards and certification.
In the context of NDCs, what does 'LULUCF' stand for?
- Local Urban Land Utilization and Carbon Finance.
- Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry.
- Levelled Urban Land Use for Carbon Filtering.
- Land Utilization and Low-Urban Carbon Framework.
Explanation: LULUCF is a critical sector in the NDCs, primarily relating to the 'Carbon Sink' target through forest conservation.
The 'National Action Plan on Climate Change' (NAPCC) consists of how many core missions supporting India's climate goals?
Explanation: The NAPCC has eight missions (Solar, Enhanced Energy Efficiency, Sustainable Habitat, Water, etc.) that form the domestic basis for the international NDCs.
The updated NDC includes a commitment to reach what percentage of non-fossil fuel-based installed capacity?
Explanation: India increased this target in 2022 from the previous 40% to 50% by 2030.
India’s NDC update in 2022 was described as a transition towards which of the following?
- A mandatory shift to 100% nuclear power by 2050.
- A 'Cleaner Path' to development than followed by others.
- A complete decoupling of GDP growth and energy use.
- A high-carbon manufacturing economy.
Explanation: India aims to grow its economy while maintaining a lower emission trajectory per capita compared to the historical paths of developed nations.
Consider the following statements regarding the 'Global Biofuel Alliance' (GBA):
1. It was launched by India during its G20 Presidency in 2023.
2. It supports the NDC goal of reducing emission intensity in the transport sector.
3. It focuses exclusively on the production of ethanol from sugarcane.
- 1, 2 and 3
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1 and 2 only
Explanation: Statement 3 is incorrect; the GBA promotes various biofuels, including those from agricultural waste and algae, to decarbonize the global energy mix.
What is the primary role of the 'Bureau of Energy Efficiency' (BEE) in meeting NDC goals?
- Setting energy consumption standards.
- Building large-scale solar parks.
- Managing the carbon sink data.
- Funding international climate projects.
Explanation: BEE is responsible for institutionalizing energy efficiency through standards and labeling.
The 'Global Stocktake' (GST), which tracks the progress of countries towards Paris Agreement goals, is most closely related to which of India's climate actions?
- The periodic revision and updating of NDCs.
- The interstate transfer of Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs).
- The implementation of the Green Highway Policy.
- The annual submission of the Union Budget.
Explanation: NDCs are the primary tool for the GST to evaluate if the cumulative efforts of all countries are sufficient to limit global warming to 1.5°C or 2°C.
Consider the following statements regarding India's adaptation vs mitigation efforts in the NDC:
1. Mitigation refers to reducing emissions, while adaptation refers to adjusting to climate impacts.
2. India's NDCs focus exclusively on mitigation to satisfy international legal mandates.
3. The NDC emphasizes better adaptation in sectors like agriculture and disaster management.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1, 2 and 3
- 1 and 3 only
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
Explanation: Statement 2 is incorrect; India’s NDC places a strong emphasis on adaptation, as it is a highly vulnerable developing nation.
The NDC target to 'reduce carbon emissions by one billion tonnes' by 2030 refers to:
- Banning all coal mining activities to prevent one billion tonnes of future output.
- A reduction in the 'projected' cumulative emissions between 2021 and 2030.
- Reducing the current annual emissions by one billion tonnes.
- Capturing one billion tonnes of CO2 using Artificial Trees.
Explanation: This is an absolute emission reduction target relative to the 'business-as-usual' growth trajectory projected for that decade.