What was the primary target for boycott during the initial phase of the Non-Cooperation Movement?
- Land Revenue Taxes
- Foreign Cotton Mills
- Legislative Councils
- British Railway Systems
Explanation: The immediate focus of the boycott was the upcoming elections to the reformed legislative councils established under the Government of India Act 1919.
Who resigned from the Viceroy's Executive Council protesting the Jallianwala massacre?
- Sankaran Nair
- Ali Imam
- Satyendra Prasanna Sinha
- Tej Bahadur Sapru
Explanation: Sir Chettur Sankaran Nair bravely resigned from the Viceroy's Executive Council in 1919 in strict protest against the brutal Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
Which prominent leader legally defended the accused in the Chauri Chaura case?
- Madan Mohan Malaviya
- Chittaranjan Das
- Tej Bahadur Sapru
- Motilal Nehru
Explanation: Madan Mohan Malaviya brilliantly defended the 225 accused peasants in the Allahabad High Court, saving over 150 of them from the death penalty.
Who officially moved the Non-Cooperation resolution at the 1920 Nagpur session?
- Motilal Nehru
- Chittaranjan Das
- Mahatma Gandhi
- Jawaharlal Nehru
Explanation: C.R. Das, who had fiercely opposed the resolution at the Calcutta special session, changed his stance and personally moved it at the Nagpur annual session.
Which Congress session in December 1920 formally ratified the Non-Cooperation program and restructured the party?
- Nagpur Annual Session
- Calcutta Annual Session
- Ahmedabad Annual Session
- Gaya Annual Session
Explanation: The Nagpur Session (Dec 1920) overwhelmingly ratified the Non-Cooperation resolution and introduced major constitutional changes to the Congress, transforming it into a mass-based political party.
The village of Chauri Chaura is located in which present-day district?
- Gorakhpur District
- Allahabad District
- Lucknow District
- Varanasi District
Explanation: Chauri Chaura is a town located in the Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh, where the infamous burning of the police station occurred.
Who was the Viceroy of India when the Non-Cooperation Movement was officially launched?
- Lord Chelmsford
- Lord Reading
- Lord Irwin
- Lord Hardinge
Explanation: Lord Chelmsford served as Viceroy until April 1921. He oversaw the passage of the Rowlatt Act, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, and the initiation of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Mahatma Gandhi was arrested and sentenced to six years imprisonment in?
- March Year 1922
- February Year 1922
- May Year 1922
- April Year 1922
Explanation: Following the Chauri Chaura incident and the suspension of the movement, the government arrested Gandhi on March 10, 1922, charging him with sedition.
Which educational institution predates the educational boycott of the Non-Cooperation Movement?
- Gujarat Vidyapith
- Jamia Millia
- Kashi Vidyapeeth
- Banaras Hindu Univ
Explanation: BHU was founded earlier in 1916 by Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, whereas the others were established specifically during the Non-Cooperation Movement's boycott of state schools.
What was the monetary target set for the Tilak Swaraj Fund to finance the Non-Cooperation activities?
- Ten Lakh Rupees
- Fifty Lakh Rupees
- Five Crore Rupees
- One Crore Rupees
Explanation: The Tilak Swaraj Fund was launched to collect ₹1 crore to finance the movement and promote constructive programs like Khadi. The target was famously achieved within six months.
The massive labor strikes in Assam tea gardens were organized by?
- J M Sengupta
- Surya Sen
- Bipin Chandra Pal
- Prafulla Chaki
Explanation: Jatindra Mohan Sengupta led massive strikes involving railway workers and Assam tea garden laborers in strict solidarity with the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Which towering Indian leader passed away on the exact day the Non-Cooperation Movement was launched (August 1, 1920)?
- Dadabhai Naoroji
- Bal Gangadhar Tilak
- Gopal Krishna Gokhale
- Pherozeshah Mehta
Explanation: Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak passed away in Bombay on August 1, 1920. The nation mourned his death while simultaneously launching the Non-Cooperation strikes.
Which national educational institution was established in Aligarh during the Non-Cooperation Movement before moving to Delhi?
- Jamia Millia Islamia
- Kashi Vidyapeeth
- Bihar Vidyapeeth
- Gujarat Vidyapith
Explanation: Jamia Millia Islamia was established in Aligarh in 1920 by nationalist Muslim leaders boycotting the pro-British Aligarh Muslim University. It later shifted to Delhi.
The parallel Akali Movement specifically aimed to liberate Sikh Gurdwaras from?
- Corrupt Mahants
- British military control
- Local feudal lords
- Hindu priests
Explanation: The Akali Movement was a peaceful but powerful struggle to wrest control of Sikh places of worship from corrupt, government-backed hereditary priests (Mahants).
The 'Hijrat' movement of 1920 involved thousands of Indian Muslims migrating to which neighboring country?
- Afghanistan
- Ottoman Empire
- Russian Empire
- Persian Empire
Explanation: Believing British India was 'Dar-ul-Harb' (Land of War) due to Khilafat wrongs, thousands of Muslims attempted an ill-fated mass migration (Hijrat) to Afghanistan.
The Akali Movement, aimed at freeing Gurdwaras from corrupt Mahants, gained immense strength from the movement in which state?
- Sindh Province
- United Provinces
- Bombay Presidency
- Punjab Province
Explanation: The Akali Movement (Gurdwara Reform Movement) in Punjab utilized non-violent Satyagraha and aligned closely with the broader Non-Cooperation Movement against the British-backed Mahants.
In which month and year did the Chauri Chaura incident take place?
- March Year 1922
- February Year 1922
- January Year 1922
- April Year 1922
Explanation: The incident occurred on February 4, 1922 (though some sources cite Feb 5). Following the violence, Gandhi officially suspended the mass civil disobedience on February 12.
Who was the first president of the All India Trade Union Congress?
- V V Giri
- N M Joshi
- Bal Gangadhar Tilak
- Lala Lajpat Rai
Explanation: AITUC was founded in 1920 to organize and represent the labor class politically, and veteran nationalist Lala Lajpat Rai was elected as its first president.
Which prominent lawyer from Madras completely boycotted the colonial law courts?
- S Srinivasa Iyengar
- T Prakasam
- V O Chidambaram
- C Rajagopalachari
Explanation: C. Rajagopalachari, a leading legal luminary from the Madras Presidency, gave up his highly lucrative practice to join the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Which British Royal faced massive nationwide boycotts and empty streets during his visit to India in 1921?
- Prince of Wales
- King George V
- Lord Mountbatten
- Duke of Connaught
Explanation: The Prince of Wales (later King Edward VIII) arrived in Bombay in November 1921. The Congress organized massive, highly successful nationwide hartals to boycott his entire tour.
Which leader founded the Independent Party after the movement was suspended?
- Subhas Chandra Bose
- Chittaranjan Das
- Madan Mohan Malaviya
- Motilal Nehru
Explanation: Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya founded the Independent Party to act as a moderate political alternative within the legislature after the movement's suspension.
In September 1920, where was the special Congress session held that passed the Non-Cooperation resolution?
- Bombay Special Session
- Calcutta Special Session
- Nagpur Special Session
- Lahore Special Session
Explanation: A special session of the Indian National Congress was convened in Calcutta in September 1920, where Gandhi's resolution on Non-Cooperation was narrowly passed despite stiff opposition.
Which nationalist leader chronicled this movement in 'The Indian Struggle'?
- Pattabhi Sitaramayya
- Jawaharlal Nehru
- Maulana Azad
- Subhas Chandra Bose
Explanation: Subhas Chandra Bose wrote 'The Indian Struggle', detailing the independence movement from 1920, including a sharp critique of Gandhi's abrupt withdrawal of Non-Cooperation.
Which prominent leader actively promoted the Khilafat cause in Sind?
- Liaquat Ali
- G M Syed
- Abdullah Haroon
- Shaukat Ali
Explanation: Haji Sir Abdullah Haroon was a prominent business magnate and political leader in Sind who heavily organized and financed the Khilafat Movement locally.
Which major nationalist journal was edited by Gandhi during this movement?
- The Maratha
- Navajivan
- Young India
- Harijan Weekly
Explanation: Gandhi extensively used his English weekly journal 'Young India' to propagate the ideals, strategies, and peaceful philosophy of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Who led the Khilafat delegation to Europe to plead the Ottoman case?
- Muhammad Ali Jinnah
- Maulana Muhammad Ali
- Maulana Shaukat Ali
- Abul Kalam Azad
Explanation: Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar led the Khilafat delegation to Europe in 1920 to negotiate with the British Prime Minister regarding the preservation of the Caliphate.
Following the suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement, which new political party was formed by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru?
- Forward Bloc
- Communist Party
- Justice Party
- Swaraj Party
Explanation: Frustrated by the sudden suspension, C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Congress-Khilafat Swaraj Party to enter the legislative councils and wreck them from within.
The nationwide strike against the Prince of Wales' visit occurred in?
- January Year 1922
- November Year 1920
- March Year 1921
- November Year 1921
Explanation: The Prince of Wales arrived in Bombay in November 1921. He was greeted with massive, nationwide hartals, empty streets, and black flag demonstrations.
Following his early release, Gandhi dedicated himself entirely to the?
- Constructive Program
- Swaraj Party
- Violent Rebellion
- Legislative Elections
Explanation: After his release in 1924, Gandhi retired from active politics to focus on the Constructive Program, promoting Khadi, untouchability removal, and Hindu-Muslim unity.
How many British Indian policemen perished in the Chauri Chaura violence?
- 12 policemen
- 22 policemen
- Fifteen policemen
- 30 policemen
Explanation: A violent mob locked 22 policemen inside the local police station and set it ablaze, killing all of them, which prompted Gandhi to immediately withdraw the movement.
In 1924, the Khilafat Movement lost its relevance completely when the Caliphate was abolished by whom?
- League of Nations
- Sultan Abdul Hamid
- British Prime Minister
- Mustafa Kemal Pasha
Explanation: Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Ataturk) led a secular nationalist revolution in Turkey, deposing the Sultan and officially abolishing the institution of the Caliphate entirely in 1924.
Who presided over the historic Gaya Session of the Congress in 1922?
- Chittaranjan Das
- Motilal Nehru
- Mahatma Gandhi
- Subhas Chandra Bose
Explanation: C.R. Das presided over the Gaya session where he fiercely advocated for council entry. When his proposal was defeated, he resigned to form the Swaraj Party.
Who was the Viceroy of India during the Chauri Chaura incident and Gandhi's subsequent arrest?
- Lord Chelmsford
- Lord Irwin
- Lord Linlithgow
- Lord Reading
Explanation: Lord Reading succeeded Chelmsford as Viceroy in April 1921. It was his administration that dealt with the peak of the movement, the Chauri Chaura incident, and Gandhi's imprisonment.
Which British judge sentenced Mahatma Gandhi to imprisonment in 1922?
- Judge Kingsford
- Judge Broomfield
- Judge Strachey
- Judge Rowlatt
Explanation: Justice C.N. Broomfield presided over the 'Great Trial' of 1922 in Ahmedabad, respectfully sentencing Gandhi to six years of imprisonment.
Which Congress body formally passed the resolution to suspend the movement?
- Swaraj Party Board
- Congress Core Working Committee
- Provincial Congress Committee
- All India Congress
Explanation: The Congress Working Committee met at Bardoli in February 1922 and passed the 'Bardoli Resolution', officially suspending all forms of mass civil disobedience.
Which post-WWI treaty severely curtailed the powers of the Ottoman Sultan, triggering the Khilafat Movement?
- Treaty of Versailles
- Treaty of Paris
- Treaty of Lausanne
- Treaty of Sevres
Explanation: The harsh Treaty of Sevres (1920) dismembered the Ottoman Empire and stripped the Sultan (the Caliph of Islam) of his political and territorial authority over Islamic holy places.
Who became the first principal of the National College in Calcutta?
- Aurobindo Ghosh
- Chittaranjan Das
- Subhas Chandra Bose
- Rabindranath Tagore
Explanation: Subhas Chandra Bose resigned from the prestigious Indian Civil Service (ICS) and became the principal of the newly established National College in Calcutta.
Which agrarian movement in Rajasthan merged with the Non-Cooperation Movement?
- Eka Movement
- Kheda Satyagraha
- Tebhaga Movement
- Bijolia Kisan
Explanation: The Bijolia peasant movement in Mewar, protesting against excessive taxation by the local jagirdar, aligned itself with the broader Non-Cooperation wave.
Who successfully led the powerful anti-Union Board tax campaign in Midnapore during the Non-Cooperation Movement?
- Surya Sen
- Pulin Behari Das
- Birendranath Sasmal
- Jatindra Sengupta
Explanation: Birendranath Sasmal led a highly successful no-tax campaign in Midnapore, Bengal, forcing the colonial government to withdraw the oppressive Village Self-Government Act.
Which session of Congress authorized Gandhi to launch a mass Civil Disobedience Movement before Chauri Chaura occurred?
- Gaya Session 1922
- Nagpur Session 1920
- Ahmedabad Session 1921
- Calcutta Session 1920
Explanation: The Ahmedabad Session of December 1921 appointed Gandhi as the sole dictator of the movement and authorized him to launch individual and mass Civil Disobedience (which he planned for Bardoli).
Who were the primary founders of the All India Khilafat Committee?
- The Ali Brothers
- Aga Khan III
- Muhammad Iqbal
- Sayyid Ahmad Khan
Explanation: Maulana Muhammad Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali, along with Abul Kalam Azad and others, formed the All India Khilafat Committee in early 1919 to protest against the British treatment of Turkey.
In 1921, the Congress Working Committee passed a resolution asking citizens to boycott service in which institution?
- Local Municipal Boards
- Imperial Legislative Council
- Civil Service Examinations
- British Indian Army
Explanation: As the movement intensified in late 1921, the Ali brothers and the CWC passed seditious resolutions declaring it religiously and nationally unlawful to serve in the British police and army.
The Moplah (Mapilla) rebellion of 1921, heavily influenced by the Khilafat movement, erupted in which region?
- Punjab Province
- Deccan Plateau
- Awadh Region
- Malabar Region
Explanation: The Moplah rebellion took place in the Malabar region of Northern Kerala, where Muslim tenants rebelled against oppressive Hindu landlords and the British state.
Who primarily organized the Awadh Kisan Sabha during the movement?
- Swami Sahajanand
- Madari Pasi
- Jawaharlal Nehru
- Baba Ramchandra
Explanation: Baba Ramchandra organized the peasants of Awadh against oppressive taluqdars, deeply linking local agrarian grievances with the broader Non-Cooperation wave.
Which prominent leader resigned from the Indian National Congress in 1920, opposing the unconstitutional methods of Satyagraha?
- Annie Besant
- Surendranath Banerjee
- Muhammad Ali Jinnah
- Bipin Chandra Pal
Explanation: Jinnah, a staunch believer in constitutional methods, strongly opposed Gandhi's mass agitation tactics and left the Congress in 1920 after the Nagpur session.
Where did the Khilafat Committee officially adopt the Non-Cooperation program first?
- Delhi Conference
- Bombay Conference
- Calcutta Conference
- Allahabad Conference
Explanation: In June 1920, an all-party conference convened at Allahabad where the Khilafat Committee officially adopted the Non-Cooperation program and asked Gandhi to lead it.
The Mulshi Satyagraha (1921), led by Senapati Bapat, protested against?
- Dam construction
- Unfair land taxes
- Salt tax laws
- Forest rights denial
Explanation: The Mulshi Satyagraha was an early, significant anti-dam peasant movement led by Senapati Bapat against the Tata Company's hydroelectric project near Pune.
The violent Chauri Chaura incident, which halted the movement, occurred in which British Indian province?
- United Provinces
- Central Provinces
- Bengal Presidency
- Bombay Presidency
Explanation: Chauri Chaura was located in the Gorakhpur district of the United Provinces (modern-day Uttar Pradesh), where an angry mob burned down a police station.
Who famously described the sudden withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement as a 'National Calamity'?
- Jawaharlal Nehru
- Chittaranjan Das
- Subhas Chandra Bose
- Motilal Nehru
Explanation: Subhas Chandra Bose, speaking for the younger generation of nationalists who felt the movement was at its peak, heavily criticized Gandhi's decision to retreat.
The Eka Movement in UP was primarily driven by the grievances of?
- Industrial workers
- Peasant tenant farmers
- Cotton mill owners
- Railway employees
Explanation: The Eka (Unity) movement was a major peasant uprising in the United Provinces protesting against exorbitant rent extractions and forced labor by landlords.
The movement called for a complete boycott of elections held under?
- Morley Minto Reforms
- Montagu Chelmsford Reforms
- Government India Act
- Rowlatt Act
Explanation: The Congress boycotted the very first elections to the central and provincial legislatures held under the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (Government of India Act 1919).
At the Nagpur Session (1920), the Congress objective shifted from self-government through constitutional means to what?
- Dominion Status Only
- Provincial Autonomy
- Complete Independence
- Attainment of Swaraj
Explanation: The new Congress constitution declared its goal as 'the attainment of Swaraj by all legitimate and peaceful means', abandoning the restrictive 'constitutional means' language.
Which prominent leader strongly opposed the Non-Cooperation resolution at Calcutta but moved it himself at Nagpur?
- Lala Lajpat Rai
- Jawaharlal Nehru
- Motilal Nehru
- Chittaranjan Das
Explanation: C.R. Das originally opposed the boycott of legislative councils at the Calcutta session, but he was won over by Gandhi and personally moved the Non-Cooperation resolution at Nagpur.
Which of the following leaders gave up his highly lucrative legal practice to join the Non-Cooperation Movement?
- Madan Mohan Malaviya
- Motilal Nehru
- Gopal Krishna Gokhale
- Surendranath Banerjee
Explanation: Motilal Nehru, along with C.R. Das, C. Rajagopalachari, and Vallabhbhai Patel, gave up his immensely successful legal practice to devote himself entirely to the movement.
Which massive peasant movement in Awadh ran parallel to the Non-Cooperation Movement, led by Baba Ramchandra?
- Kisan Sabha Movement
- Eka Movement
- Tebhaga Movement
- Indigo Revolt
Explanation: Baba Ramchandra organized the Awadh Kisan Sabha to protest illegal cesses (bedakhli) and exorbitant rents by taluqdars, deeply integrating agrarian issues with nationalism.
The Moplah rebellion initially targeted which specific oppressive groups?
- Hindu Jenmis
- French traders
- British planters
- Muslim merchants
Explanation: The Moplah uprising in Malabar began primarily as an agrarian revolt against the oppressive Hindu landlords (Jenmis) and the supporting British administration.
Who returned the Kaiser-i-Hind medal to the British government protesting the Khilafat wrongs?
- Rabindranath Tagore
- Muhammad Ali Jinnah
- Subhas Chandra Bose
- Mahatma Gandhi
Explanation: Mahatma Gandhi returned the Kaiser-i-Hind gold medal, awarded to him for his humanitarian work during the Boer War, marking his formal withdrawal of cooperation with the British.
Who surrendered the honorary title 'Rai Bahadur' during the Non-Cooperation Movement?
- Jamnalal Bajaj
- Mahatma Gandhi
- Jawaharlal Nehru
- Motilal Nehru
Explanation: Jamnalal Bajaj, a close associate and 'adopted son' of Gandhi, renounced his Rai Bahadur title and donated generously to the Tilak Swaraj Fund.
Gandhi promised that if the Non-Cooperation program was fully implemented, Swaraj would be achieved within what timeframe?
- One Year Time
- Ten Years Time
- Six Months Time
- Five Years Time
Explanation: Gandhi boldly declared that if the masses strictly adhered to non-violence and fully implemented the boycott and constructive programs, Swaraj would be achieved in exactly one year.
Who was elected as the President of the All India Khilafat Conference held in Delhi in November 1919?
- Hasrat Mohani
- Shaukat Ali
- Maulana Abul Kalam
- Mahatma Gandhi
Explanation: To cement Hindu-Muslim unity, Mahatma Gandhi was unanimously elected as the President of the All India Khilafat Conference, giving him a massive platform to launch Non-Cooperation.