Passage: Education, without a doubt, has an important functional, instrumental and utilitarian dimension. This is revealed when one asks questions such as 'what is the purpose of education?'. The solutions, too often, are 'to acquire qualifications for employment/upward mobility', 'wider/higher (in terms of income) opportunities', and 'to meet the needs for trained human power in diverse fields for national development'. But in its deepest sense education is not instrumentalist. That is to say, it is not to be justified outside of itself because it leads to the acquisition of formal skills or of certain desired psychological-social attributes. It must be respected in itself. Education is thus not a commodity to be acquired or possessed and then used, but a process of inestimable importance to individuals and society, although it can and does have enormous use value. Education then, is a process of expansion and conversion, not in the sense of conversion turning students into doctors or engineers, but the widening and turning out of the mind — the creation, sustenance and development of self-critical awareness and independence of thought. It is an inner process of moral-intellectual development.
What do you understand by the 'instrumentalist' view of education?
- Education is functional and utilitarian in its purposes.
- Education is meant to fulfil human needs.
- The purpose of education is to train the human intellect.
- Education is meant to achieve moral development.
Explanation: The passage states that education has an important functional, instrumental and utilitarian dimension, revealed when asking about purposes such as employment, upward mobility, and meeting national development needs. The instrumentalist view treats education as a means to these external ends rather than as valuable in itself.
Passage: Education, without a doubt, has an important functional, instrumental and utilitarian dimension. This is revealed when one asks questions such as 'what is the purpose of education?'. The solutions, too often, are 'to acquire qualifications for employment/upward mobility', 'wider/higher (in terms of income) opportunities', and 'to meet the needs for trained human power in diverse fields for national development'. But in its deepest sense education is not instrumentalist. That is to say, it is not to be justified outside of itself because it leads to the acquisition of formal skills or of certain desired psychological-social attributes. It must be respected in itself. Education is thus not a commodity to be acquired or possessed and then used, but a process of inestimable importance to individuals and society, although it can and does have enormous use value. Education then, is a process of expansion and conversion, not in the sense of conversion turning students into doctors or engineers, but the widening and turning out of the mind — the creation, sustenance and development of self-critical awareness and independence of thought. It is an inner process of moral-intellectual development.
According to the passage, education must be respected in itself because
- it helps to acquire qualifications for employment.
- it helps in upward mobility and acquiring status.
- it is an inner process of moral and intellectual development.
- all of the above statements are correct in this context.
Explanation: The passage explicitly states that in its deepest sense education is not instrumentalist and must be respected in itself. It describes education as an inner process of moral-intellectual development involving the creation of self-critical awareness and independence of thought. The other choices represent the instrumentalist view, which the passage contrasts with the deeper meaning.
Passage: Education, without a doubt, has an important functional, instrumental and utilitarian dimension. This is revealed when one asks questions such as 'what is the purpose of education?'. The solutions, too often, are 'to acquire qualifications for employment/upward mobility', 'wider/higher (in terms of income) opportunities', and 'to meet the needs for trained human power in diverse fields for national development'. But in its deepest sense education is not instrumentalist. That is to say, it is not to be justified outside of itself because it leads to the acquisition of formal skills or of certain desired psychological-social attributes. It must be respected in itself. Education is thus not a commodity to be acquired or possessed and then used, but a process of inestimable importance to individuals and society, although it can and does have enormous use value. Education then, is a process of expansion and conversion, not in the sense of conversion turning students into doctors or engineers, but the widening and turning out of the mind — the creation, sustenance and development of self-critical awareness and independence of thought. It is an inner process of moral-intellectual development.
Education is a process in which
- students are converted into trained professionals.
- opportunities for higher income are generated.
- individuals develop self-critical awareness and independence of thought.
- qualifications for upward mobility are acquired.
Explanation: The passage explicitly describes education as a process of expansion and conversion involving the creation, sustenance and development of self-critical awareness and independence of thought. It explicitly contrasts this with merely turning students into doctors or engineers or generating income opportunities.
Passage: Chemical pesticides lose their role in sustainable agriculture if the pests evolve resistance. The evolution of the pesticide resistance is simply natural selection in action. It is almost certain to occur when vast numbers of a genetically variable population are killed. One or a few individuals may be unusually resistant (perhaps because they possess an enzyme that can detoxify the pesticide). If the pesticide is applied repeatedly, each successive generation of the pest will contain a large proportion of resistant individuals. Pests typically have a high intrinsic rate of reproduction, and so a few individuals in one generation may give rise to hundreds or thousands in the next, and resistance spreads very rapidly in a population. This problem was often ignored in the past, even though the first case of DDT (dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane) resistance was reported as early as 1946. There is an exponential increase in the numbers of invertebrates that have evolved resistance and in the number of pesticides against which resistance has evolved. Resistance has been recorded in every family of arthropod pests (including dipterans such as mosquitoes and house flies, as well as beetles, moths, wasps, fleas, lice and mites) as well as in weeds and plant pathogens. Take the Alabama leaf worm, a moth pest of cotton, as an example. It has developed resistance in one or more regions of the world to aldrin, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, lindane and taxaphene. If chemical pesticides brought nothing but problems, — if their use was intrinsically and acutely unsustainable — then they would already have fallen out of widespread use. This has not happened. Instead, their rate of production has increased rapidly. The ratio of cost to benefit for the individual agricultural producer has remained in favour of pesticide use. In the USA, insecticides have been estimated to benefit the agricultural products to the tune of around $5 for every $1 spent. Moreover, in many poorer countries, the prospect of imminent mass starvation, or of an epidemic disease, are so frightening that the social and health costs of using pesticides have to be ignored. In general the use of pesticides is justified by objective measures such as 'lives saved', 'economic efficiency of food production' and 'total food produced'. In these very fundamental senses, their use may be described as sustainable. In practice, sustainability depends on continually developing new pesticides that keep at least one step ahead of the pests - pesticides that are less persistent, biodegradable and more accurately targeted at the pests.
"The evolution of pesticide resistance is natural selection in action". What does it actually imply?
- It is very natural for many organisms to have pesticides resistance.
- Pesticide resistance among organism is a universal phenomenon.
- Some individuals in any given population show resistance after the application of pesticides.
- None of the above statements is correct.
Explanation: The passage explains that when vast numbers of a genetically variable population are killed, one or a few individuals may be unusually resistant due to genetic factors such as possessing a detoxifying enzyme. When pesticides are applied repeatedly, these resistant individuals survive and multiply, causing resistance to spread. This describes natural selection acting on pre-existing genetic variation.
Passage: Chemical pesticides lose their role in sustainable agriculture if the pests evolve resistance. The evolution of the pesticide resistance is simply natural selection in action. It is almost certain to occur when vast numbers of a genetically variable population are killed. One or a few individuals may be unusually resistant (perhaps because they possess an enzyme that can detoxify the pesticide). If the pesticide is applied repeatedly, each successive generation of the pest will contain a large proportion of resistant individuals. Pests typically have a high intrinsic rate of reproduction, and so a few individuals in one generation may give rise to hundreds or thousands in the next, and resistance spreads very rapidly in a population. This problem was often ignored in the past, even though the first case of DDT (dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane) resistance was reported as early as 1946. There is an exponential increase in the numbers of invertebrates that have evolved resistance and in the number of pesticides against which resistance has evolved. Resistance has been recorded in every family of arthropod pests (including dipterans such as mosquitoes and house flies, as well as beetles, moths, wasps, fleas, lice and mites) as well as in weeds and plant pathogens. Take the Alabama leaf worm, a moth pest of cotton, as an example. It has developed resistance in one or more regions of the world to aldrin, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, lindane and taxaphene. If chemical pesticides brought nothing but problems, — if their use was intrinsically and acutely unsustainable — then they would already have fallen out of widespread use. This has not happened. Instead, their rate of production has increased rapidly. The ratio of cost to benefit for the individual agricultural producer has remained in favour of pesticide use. In the USA, insecticides have been estimated to benefit the agricultural products to the tune of around $5 for every $1 spent. Moreover, in many poorer countries, the prospect of imminent mass starvation, or of an epidemic disease, are so frightening that the social and health costs of using pesticides have to be ignored. In general the use of pesticides is justified by objective measures such as 'lives saved', 'economic efficiency of food production' and 'total food produced'. In these very fundamental senses, their use may be described as sustainable. In practice, sustainability depends on continually developing new pesticides that keep at least one step ahead of the pests - pesticides that are less persistent, biodegradable and more accurately targeted at the pests.
With reference to the passage, consider the following statements: 1. Use of chemical pesticides has become imperative in all the poor countries of the world. 2. Chemical pesticides should not have any role in sustainable agriculture. 3. One pest can develop resistance to many pesticides. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Explanation: The passage cites the Alabama leaf worm, which has developed resistance to multiple pesticides including aldrin, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, lindane and taxaphene, confirming that one pest can develop resistance to many pesticides. The passage does not state that pesticides are imperative in all poor countries, and it explicitly notes that pesticide use can be described as sustainable in fundamental senses, contradicting the claim that they should have no role in sustainable agriculture.
Passage: Chemical pesticides lose their role in sustainable agriculture if the pests evolve resistance. The evolution of the pesticide resistance is simply natural selection in action. It is almost certain to occur when vast numbers of a genetically variable population are killed. One or a few individuals may be unusually resistant (perhaps because they possess an enzyme that can detoxify the pesticide). If the pesticide is applied repeatedly, each successive generation of the pest will contain a large proportion of resistant individuals. Pests typically have a high intrinsic rate of reproduction, and so a few individuals in one generation may give rise to hundreds or thousands in the next, and resistance spreads very rapidly in a population. This problem was often ignored in the past, even though the first case of DDT (dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane) resistance was reported as early as 1946. There is an exponential increase in the numbers of invertebrates that have evolved resistance and in the number of pesticides against which resistance has evolved. Resistance has been recorded in every family of arthropod pests (including dipterans such as mosquitoes and house flies, as well as beetles, moths, wasps, fleas, lice and mites) as well as in weeds and plant pathogens. Take the Alabama leaf worm, a moth pest of cotton, as an example. It has developed resistance in one or more regions of the world to aldrin, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, lindane and taxaphene. If chemical pesticides brought nothing but problems, — if their use was intrinsically and acutely unsustainable — then they would already have fallen out of widespread use. This has not happened. Instead, their rate of production has increased rapidly. The ratio of cost to benefit for the individual agricultural producer has remained in favour of pesticide use. In the USA, insecticides have been estimated to benefit the agricultural products to the tune of around $5 for every $1 spent. Moreover, in many poorer countries, the prospect of imminent mass starvation, or of an epidemic disease, are so frightening that the social and health costs of using pesticides have to be ignored. In general the use of pesticides is justified by objective measures such as 'lives saved', 'economic efficiency of food production' and 'total food produced'. In these very fundamental senses, their use may be described as sustainable. In practice, sustainability depends on continually developing new pesticides that keep at least one step ahead of the pests - pesticides that are less persistent, biodegradable and more accurately targeted at the pests.
Though the problems associated with the use of chemical pesticides is known for a long time, their widespread use has not waned. Why?
- Alternatives to chemical pesticides do not exist at all.
- New pesticides are not invented at all.
- Pesticides are biodegradable.
- None of the above statements is correct.
Explanation: The passage explains that pesticide use continues because the cost-benefit ratio favors agricultural producers, production rates have increased rapidly, and in poorer countries the threat of starvation makes the social and health costs acceptable. The passage explicitly contradicts the claim that new pesticides are not invented, stating that sustainability depends on continually developing new pesticides. It also notes that biodegradable pesticides are a goal, not a current universal reality.
Passage: Chemical pesticides lose their role in sustainable agriculture if the pests evolve resistance. The evolution of the pesticide resistance is simply natural selection in action. It is almost certain to occur when vast numbers of a genetically variable population are killed. One or a few individuals may be unusually resistant (perhaps because they possess an enzyme that can detoxify the pesticide). If the pesticide is applied repeatedly, each successive generation of the pest will contain a large proportion of resistant individuals. Pests typically have a high intrinsic rate of reproduction, and so a few individuals in one generation may give rise to hundreds or thousands in the next, and resistance spreads very rapidly in a population. This problem was often ignored in the past, even though the first case of DDT (dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane) resistance was reported as early as 1946. There is an exponential increase in the numbers of invertebrates that have evolved resistance and in the number of pesticides against which resistance has evolved. Resistance has been recorded in every family of arthropod pests (including dipterans such as mosquitoes and house flies, as well as beetles, moths, wasps, fleas, lice and mites) as well as in weeds and plant pathogens. Take the Alabama leaf worm, a moth pest of cotton, as an example. It has developed resistance in one or more regions of the world to aldrin, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, lindane and taxaphene. If chemical pesticides brought nothing but problems, — if their use was intrinsically and acutely unsustainable — then they would already have fallen out of widespread use. This has not happened. Instead, their rate of production has increased rapidly. The ratio of cost to benefit for the individual agricultural producer has remained in favour of pesticide use. In the USA, insecticides have been estimated to benefit the agricultural products to the tune of around $5 for every $1 spent. Moreover, in many poorer countries, the prospect of imminent mass starvation, or of an epidemic disease, are so frightening that the social and health costs of using pesticides have to be ignored. In general the use of pesticides is justified by objective measures such as 'lives saved', 'economic efficiency of food production' and 'total food produced'. In these very fundamental senses, their use may be described as sustainable. In practice, sustainability depends on continually developing new pesticides that keep at least one step ahead of the pests - pesticides that are less persistent, biodegradable and more accurately targeted at the pests.
How do pesticides act as agents for the selection of resistant individuals in any pest population? 1. It is possible that in a pest population the individuals will behave differently due to their genetic makeup. 2. Pests do possess the ability to detoxify the pesticides. 3. Evolution of pesticide resistance is equally distributed in pest population. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 1 and 2 only
- 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Explanation: The passage states that individuals may be unusually resistant because they possess an enzyme that can detoxify the pesticide, and that pests have genetic variability. This supports the first two statements. The third statement is incorrect because resistance spreads rapidly from a few individuals to a large proportion of the population, meaning it is not equally distributed.
Passage: Chemical pesticides lose their role in sustainable agriculture if the pests evolve resistance. The evolution of the pesticide resistance is simply natural selection in action. It is almost certain to occur when vast numbers of a genetically variable population are killed. One or a few individuals may be unusually resistant (perhaps because they possess an enzyme that can detoxify the pesticide). If the pesticide is applied repeatedly, each successive generation of the pest will contain a large proportion of resistant individuals. Pests typically have a high intrinsic rate of reproduction, and so a few individuals in one generation may give rise to hundreds or thousands in the next, and resistance spreads very rapidly in a population. This problem was often ignored in the past, even though the first case of DDT (dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane) resistance was reported as early as 1946. There is an exponential increase in the numbers of invertebrates that have evolved resistance and in the number of pesticides against which resistance has evolved. Resistance has been recorded in every family of arthropod pests (including dipterans such as mosquitoes and house flies, as well as beetles, moths, wasps, fleas, lice and mites) as well as in weeds and plant pathogens. Take the Alabama leaf worm, a moth pest of cotton, as an example. It has developed resistance in one or more regions of the world to aldrin, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, lindane and taxaphene. If chemical pesticides brought nothing but problems, — if their use was intrinsically and acutely unsustainable — then they would already have fallen out of widespread use. This has not happened. Instead, their rate of production has increased rapidly. The ratio of cost to benefit for the individual agricultural producer has remained in favour of pesticide use. In the USA, insecticides have been estimated to benefit the agricultural products to the tune of around $5 for every $1 spent. Moreover, in many poorer countries, the prospect of imminent mass starvation, or of an epidemic disease, are so frightening that the social and health costs of using pesticides have to be ignored. In general the use of pesticides is justified by objective measures such as 'lives saved', 'economic efficiency of food production' and 'total food produced'. In these very fundamental senses, their use may be described as sustainable. In practice, sustainability depends on continually developing new pesticides that keep at least one step ahead of the pests - pesticides that are less persistent, biodegradable and more accurately targeted at the pests.
Why is the use of chemical pesticides generally justified by giving the examples of poor and developing countries? 1. Developed countries can afford to do away with use of pesticides by adapting to organic farming, but it is imperative for poor and developing countries to use chemical pesticides. 2. In poor and developing countries, the pesticide addresses the problem of epidemic diseases of crops and eases the food problem. 3. The social and health costs of pesticide use are generally ignored in poor and developing countries. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Explanation: The passage states that in poorer countries, the prospect of mass starvation or epidemic disease is so frightening that pesticide use is justified by measures such as lives saved, economic efficiency of food production, and total food produced. This aligns with the second statement. The passage does not compare developed countries' ability to use organic farming, and while it mentions costs are ignored due to fear of starvation, this is a consequence rather than the primary justification.
Passage: Chemical pesticides lose their role in sustainable agriculture if the pests evolve resistance. The evolution of the pesticide resistance is simply natural selection in action. It is almost certain to occur when vast numbers of a genetically variable population are killed. One or a few individuals may be unusually resistant (perhaps because they possess an enzyme that can detoxify the pesticide). If the pesticide is applied repeatedly, each successive generation of the pest will contain a large proportion of resistant individuals. Pests typically have a high intrinsic rate of reproduction, and so a few individuals in one generation may give rise to hundreds or thousands in the next, and resistance spreads very rapidly in a population. This problem was often ignored in the past, even though the first case of DDT (dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane) resistance was reported as early as 1946. There is an exponential increase in the numbers of invertebrates that have evolved resistance and in the number of pesticides against which resistance has evolved. Resistance has been recorded in every family of arthropod pests (including dipterans such as mosquitoes and house flies, as well as beetles, moths, wasps, fleas, lice and mites) as well as in weeds and plant pathogens. Take the Alabama leaf worm, a moth pest of cotton, as an example. It has developed resistance in one or more regions of the world to aldrin, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, lindane and taxaphene. If chemical pesticides brought nothing but problems, — if their use was intrinsically and acutely unsustainable — then they would already have fallen out of widespread use. This has not happened. Instead, their rate of production has increased rapidly. The ratio of cost to benefit for the individual agricultural producer has remained in favour of pesticide use. In the USA, insecticides have been estimated to benefit the agricultural products to the tune of around $5 for every $1 spent. Moreover, in many poorer countries, the prospect of imminent mass starvation, or of an epidemic disease, are so frightening that the social and health costs of using pesticides have to be ignored. In general the use of pesticides is justified by objective measures such as 'lives saved', 'economic efficiency of food production' and 'total food produced'. In these very fundamental senses, their use may be described as sustainable. In practice, sustainability depends on continually developing new pesticides that keep at least one step ahead of the pests - pesticides that are less persistent, biodegradable and more accurately targeted at the pests.
What does the passage imply?
- Alternative options to chemical pesticides should be promoted.
- Too much use of chemicals is not good for the ecosystem.
- There is no scope for the improvement of pesticides and making their use sustainable.
- Both the first and second statements above are correct.
Explanation: The passage states that sustainability depends on developing new pesticides that are less persistent, biodegradable and more accurately targeted, implying that alternative and improved options should be pursued. It also discusses the problems of resistance and the unsustainable nature of current practices, implying excessive chemical use harms the ecosystem. The third statement is directly contradicted by the passage.
Passage: Today's developing economies use much less energy per capita than developed countries such as the United States did at similar incomes, showing the potential for lower-carbon growth. Adaptation and mitigation need to be integrated into a climate-smart development strategy that increases resilience, reduces the threat of further global warming, and improves development outcomes. Adaptation and mitigation measures can advance development, and prosperity can raise incomes and foster better institutions. A healthier population living in better-built houses and with access to bank loans and social security is better equipped to deal with a changing climate and its consequences. Advancing robust, resilient development policies that promote adaptation is needed today because changes in the climate, already begun, will increase even in the short term. The spread of economic prosperity has always been intertwined with adaptation to changing ecological conditions. But as growth has altered the environment and as environmental change has accelerated, sustaining growth and adaptability demands greater capacity to understand our environment, generate new adaptive technologies and practices, and diffuse them widely. As economic historians have explained, much of humankind's creative potential has directed at adapting to the changing world. But adaptation cannot cope with all the impacts related to climate, especially as larger changes unfold in the long term. Countries cannot grow out of harm's way fast enough to match the changing climate. And some growth strategies, whether driven by the government or the market, can also add to vulnerability — particularly if they over exploit natural resources. Under the Soviet development plan, irrigated cotton cultivation expanded in water-stressed Central Asia and led to the near disappearance of the Aral Sea, threatening the livelihoods of fishermen, herders and farmers. And clearing mangroves — the natural coastal buffers against storm surges — to make way for intensive farming or housing development, increases the physical vulnerability of coastal settlements, whether in Guinea or in Louisiana.
Which of the following conditions of growth can add to vulnerability? 1. When the growth occurs due to excessive exploitation of mineral resources and forests. 2. When the growth brings about a change in humankind's creative potential. 3. When the growth is envisaged only for providing houses and social security to the people. 4. When the growth occurs due to emphasis on farming only.
- 1 only
- 2, 3 and 4 only
- 1 and 4 only
- 1, 2, 3 and 4
Explanation: The passage explicitly states that growth strategies can add to vulnerability particularly if they over exploit natural resources, giving examples of irrigated cotton cultivation and clearing mangroves. The second statement is incorrect because the passage describes creative potential as directed at adaptation. The third is incorrect because better houses and social security are presented as helping resilience. The fourth is incorrect because the passage critiques specific harmful farming practices, not farming in general.
Passage: Today's developing economies use much less energy per capita than developed countries such as the United States did at similar incomes, showing the potential for lower-carbon growth. Adaptation and mitigation need to be integrated into a climate-smart development strategy that increases resilience, reduces the threat of further global warming, and improves development outcomes. Adaptation and mitigation measures can advance development, and prosperity can raise incomes and foster better institutions. A healthier population living in better-built houses and with access to bank loans and social security is better equipped to deal with a changing climate and its consequences. Advancing robust, resilient development policies that promote adaptation is needed today because changes in the climate, already begun, will increase even in the short term. The spread of economic prosperity has always been intertwined with adaptation to changing ecological conditions. But as growth has altered the environment and as environmental change has accelerated, sustaining growth and adaptability demands greater capacity to understand our environment, generate new adaptive technologies and practices, and diffuse them widely. As economic historians have explained, much of humankind's creative potential has directed at adapting to the changing world. But adaptation cannot cope with all the impacts related to climate, especially as larger changes unfold in the long term. Countries cannot grow out of harm's way fast enough to match the changing climate. And some growth strategies, whether driven by the government or the market, can also add to vulnerability — particularly if they over exploit natural resources. Under the Soviet development plan, irrigated cotton cultivation expanded in water-stressed Central Asia and led to the near disappearance of the Aral Sea, threatening the livelihoods of fishermen, herders and farmers. And clearing mangroves — the natural coastal buffers against storm surges — to make way for intensive farming or housing development, increases the physical vulnerability of coastal settlements, whether in Guinea or in Louisiana.
What does low-carbon growth imply in the present context? 1. More emphasis on the use of renewable sources of energy. 2. Less emphasis on manufacturing sector and more emphasis on agricultural sector. 3. Switching over from monoculture practices to mixed farming. 4. Less demand for goods and services.
- 1 only
- 2, 3, and 4 only
- 1 and 4 only
- None of the above implies low-carbon growth.
Explanation: The passage discusses developing economies using less energy per capita and the potential for lower-carbon growth through climate-smart development. While the passage does not explicitly define low-carbon growth, the general context of reducing carbon emissions and energy use aligns with greater emphasis on renewable energy sources. The other options either contradict the passage's emphasis on development or introduce concepts not discussed.
Passage: Today's developing economies use much less energy per capita than developed countries such as the United States did at similar incomes, showing the potential for lower-carbon growth. Adaptation and mitigation need to be integrated into a climate-smart development strategy that increases resilience, reduces the threat of further global warming, and improves development outcomes. Adaptation and mitigation measures can advance development, and prosperity can raise incomes and foster better institutions. A healthier population living in better-built houses and with access to bank loans and social security is better equipped to deal with a changing climate and its consequences. Advancing robust, resilient development policies that promote adaptation is needed today because changes in the climate, already begun, will increase even in the short term. The spread of economic prosperity has always been intertwined with adaptation to changing ecological conditions. But as growth has altered the environment and as environmental change has accelerated, sustaining growth and adaptability demands greater capacity to understand our environment, generate new adaptive technologies and practices, and diffuse them widely. As economic historians have explained, much of humankind's creative potential has directed at adapting to the changing world. But adaptation cannot cope with all the impacts related to climate, especially as larger changes unfold in the long term. Countries cannot grow out of harm's way fast enough to match the changing climate. And some growth strategies, whether driven by the government or the market, can also add to vulnerability — particularly if they over exploit natural resources. Under the Soviet development plan, irrigated cotton cultivation expanded in water-stressed Central Asia and led to the near disappearance of the Aral Sea, threatening the livelihoods of fishermen, herders and farmers. And clearing mangroves — the natural coastal buffers against storm surges — to make way for intensive farming or housing development, increases the physical vulnerability of coastal settlements, whether in Guinea or in Louisiana.
Which of the following conditions is/are necessary for the sustainable economic growth? 1. Spreading of economic prosperity more. 2. Popularizing/spreading of adaptive technologies widely. 3. Investing on research in adaptation and mitigation technologies.
- 1 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Explanation: The passage states that sustaining growth demands greater capacity to understand the environment, generate new adaptive technologies and practices, and diffuse them widely. It also links prosperity to better institutions and resilience. All three conditions are supported by the passage's emphasis on spreading prosperity, adaptive technologies, and research.
Passage: Today's developing economies use much less energy per capita than developed countries such as the United States did at similar incomes, showing the potential for lower-carbon growth. Adaptation and mitigation need to be integrated into a climate-smart development strategy that increases resilience, reduces the threat of further global warming, and improves development outcomes. Adaptation and mitigation measures can advance development, and prosperity can raise incomes and foster better institutions. A healthier population living in better-built houses and with access to bank loans and social security is better equipped to deal with a changing climate and its consequences. Advancing robust, resilient development policies that promote adaptation is needed today because changes in the climate, already begun, will increase even in the short term. The spread of economic prosperity has always been intertwined with adaptation to changing ecological conditions. But as growth has altered the environment and as environmental change has accelerated, sustaining growth and adaptability demands greater capacity to understand our environment, generate new adaptive technologies and practices, and diffuse them widely. As economic historians have explained, much of humankind's creative potential has directed at adapting to the changing world. But adaptation cannot cope with all the impacts related to climate, especially as larger changes unfold in the long term. Countries cannot grow out of harm's way fast enough to match the changing climate. And some growth strategies, whether driven by the government or the market, can also add to vulnerability — particularly if they over exploit natural resources. Under the Soviet development plan, irrigated cotton cultivation expanded in water-stressed Central Asia and led to the near disappearance of the Aral Sea, threatening the livelihoods of fishermen, herders and farmers. And clearing mangroves — the natural coastal buffers against storm surges — to make way for intensive farming or housing development, increases the physical vulnerability of coastal settlements, whether in Guinea or in Louisiana.
Which of the following inferences can be made from the passage? 1. Rainfed crops should not be cultivated in irrigated areas. 2. Farming under water-deficient areas should not be a part of development strategy.
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation: The passage critiques the Soviet development plan where irrigated cotton cultivation expanded in water-stressed Central Asia, leading to the Aral Sea's near disappearance. However, it does not make a blanket inference that rainfed crops should never be cultivated in irrigated areas or that farming in water-deficient areas should never be part of development strategy. It specifically criticizes over-exploitation and mismanagement rather than these practices categorically.
Passage: Today's developing economies use much less energy per capita than developed countries such as the United States did at similar incomes, showing the potential for lower-carbon growth. Adaptation and mitigation need to be integrated into a climate-smart development strategy that increases resilience, reduces the threat of further global warming, and improves development outcomes. Adaptation and mitigation measures can advance development, and prosperity can raise incomes and foster better institutions. A healthier population living in better-built houses and with access to bank loans and social security is better equipped to deal with a changing climate and its consequences. Advancing robust, resilient development policies that promote adaptation is needed today because changes in the climate, already begun, will increase even in the short term. The spread of economic prosperity has always been intertwined with adaptation to changing ecological conditions. But as growth has altered the environment and as environmental change has accelerated, sustaining growth and adaptability demands greater capacity to understand our environment, generate new adaptive technologies and practices, and diffuse them widely. As economic historians have explained, much of humankind's creative potential has directed at adapting to the changing world. But adaptation cannot cope with all the impacts related to climate, especially as larger changes unfold in the long term. Countries cannot grow out of harm's way fast enough to match the changing climate. And some growth strategies, whether driven by the government or the market, can also add to vulnerability — particularly if they over exploit natural resources. Under the Soviet development plan, irrigated cotton cultivation expanded in water-stressed Central Asia and led to the near disappearance of the Aral Sea, threatening the livelihoods of fishermen, herders and farmers. And clearing mangroves — the natural coastal buffers against storm surges — to make way for intensive farming or housing development, increases the physical vulnerability of coastal settlements, whether in Guinea or in Louisiana.
Consider the following assumptions: 1. Sustainable economic growth demands the use of creative potential of man. 2. Intensive agriculture can lead to ecological backlash. 3. Spread of the economic prosperity can adversely affect the ecology and environment. With reference to the passage, which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
- 1 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Explanation: The passage states that much of humankind's creative potential has been directed at adapting to the changing world, supporting the first assumption. It gives examples of intensive agriculture such as cotton cultivation and clearing mangroves leading to ecological damage, supporting the second. It also states that growth has altered the environment and some growth strategies add to vulnerability, supporting the third.
Passage: Today's developing economies use much less energy per capita than developed countries such as the United States did at similar incomes, showing the potential for lower-carbon growth. Adaptation and mitigation need to be integrated into a climate-smart development strategy that increases resilience, reduces the threat of further global warming, and improves development outcomes. Adaptation and mitigation measures can advance development, and prosperity can raise incomes and foster better institutions. A healthier population living in better-built houses and with access to bank loans and social security is better equipped to deal with a changing climate and its consequences. Advancing robust, resilient development policies that promote adaptation is needed today because changes in the climate, already begun, will increase even in the short term. The spread of economic prosperity has always been intertwined with adaptation to changing ecological conditions. But as growth has altered the environment and as environmental change has accelerated, sustaining growth and adaptability demands greater capacity to understand our environment, generate new adaptive technologies and practices, and diffuse them widely. As economic historians have explained, much of humankind's creative potential has directed at adapting to the changing world. But adaptation cannot cope with all the impacts related to climate, especially as larger changes unfold in the long term. Countries cannot grow out of harm's way fast enough to match the changing climate. And some growth strategies, whether driven by the government or the market, can also add to vulnerability — particularly if they over exploit natural resources. Under the Soviet development plan, irrigated cotton cultivation expanded in water-stressed Central Asia and led to the near disappearance of the Aral Sea, threatening the livelihoods of fishermen, herders and farmers. And clearing mangroves — the natural coastal buffers against storm surges — to make way for intensive farming or housing development, increases the physical vulnerability of coastal settlements, whether in Guinea or in Louisiana.
Which one of the following statements constitutes central theme of this passage?
- Countries with greater economic prosperity are better equipped to deal with the consequences of climate change.
- Adaptation and mitigation should be integrated with development strategies.
- Rapid economic growth should not be pursued by both developed and developing economies.
- Some countries resort to over exploitation of natural resources for the sake of rapid development.
Explanation: The passage's central argument is that adaptation and mitigation need to be integrated into a climate-smart development strategy, and that robust development policies promoting adaptation are needed today. While other points are mentioned, this integration is the main thesis.
Consider the following statements: 1. All artists are whimsical. 2. Some artists are drug addicts. 3. Frustrated people are prone to become drug addicts. From the above three statements it may be concluded that
- Artists are frustrated.
- Some drug addicts are whimsical.
- All frustrated people are drug addicts.
- Whimsical people are generally frustrated.
Explanation: From the first statement, all artists are whimsical. From the second statement, some artists are drug addicts. Therefore, some drug addicts are artists, and since all artists are whimsical, it follows that some drug addicts are whimsical. The other conclusions cannot be logically derived from the given premises.
Examine the following statements: 1. Either A and B are of the same age or A is older than B. 2. Either C and D are of the same age or D is older than C. 3. B is older than C. Which one of the following conclusions can be drawn from the above statements?
- A is older than B.
- B and D are of the same age.
- D is older than C.
- A is older than C.
Explanation: From the first statement, A is either the same age as B or older than B, meaning A is not younger than B. From the third statement, B is older than C. Therefore, A must be older than C. The other options are not necessarily true based on the given information.
Examine the following statements: 1. Only those who have a pair of binoculars can become the members of the birdwatcher's club. 2. Some members of the birdwatcher's club have cameras. 3. Those members who have cameras can take part in photo-contests. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the above statements?
- All those who have a pair of binoculars are members of the birdwatcher's club.
- All members of the birdwatcher's club have a pair of binoculars.
- All those who take part in photo-contests are members of the birdwatcher's club.
- No conclusion can be drawn.
Explanation: The first statement establishes that possessing binoculars is a necessary condition for membership. Therefore, all members must have binoculars. The second statement does not imply that all members have cameras, and the third statement does not imply that all photo-contest participants are club members.
During the last summer vacation, Ankit went to a summer camp where he took part in hiking, swimming and boating. This summer, he is looking forward to a music camp where he hopes to sing, dance and learn to play the guitar. Based on the above information, four conclusions as given below, have been made. Which one of these logically follows from the information given above?
- Ankit's parents want him to play the guitar.
- Ankit prefers music to outdoor activities.
- Ankit goes to some type of camp every summer.
- Ankit likes to sing and dance.
Explanation: The information states that Ankit went to a camp last summer and is looking forward to another camp this summer. This establishes a pattern of attending camps every summer. The other conclusions introduce information about preferences, parental desires, or likes that are not present in the given statements.
Three persons A, B and C wore shirts of black, blue and orange colours (not necessarily in that order) and pants of green, yellow and orange (not necessarily in that order). No person wore shirt and pants of the same colour. Further, it is given that 1. A did not wear shirt of black colour. 2. B did not wear shirt of blue colour. 3. C did not wear shirt of orange colour. 4. A did not wear pants of green colour. 5. B wore pants of orange colour. What were the colours of the pants and shirt worn by C, respectively?
- Orange and black
- Green and blue
- Yellow and blue
- Yellow and black
Explanation: From clue 5, B wears orange pants and therefore cannot wear an orange shirt. From clue 2, B cannot wear a blue shirt, so B must wear a black shirt. From clue 3, C cannot wear orange, so C must wear blue (since B wears black). This leaves A with an orange shirt. From clue 4, A cannot wear green pants, and since B wears orange pants, A must wear yellow pants. Therefore C wears green pants and a blue shirt.
Ten new TV shows started in January — 5 sitcoms, 3 drama and 2 news magazines. By April, only seven of the new shows were still on, five of them being sitcoms. Based on the above information, four conclusions, as given below, have been made. Which one of these logically follows from the information given above?
- Only one news magazine show is still going on.
- Only one of the drama shows is still on.
- At least one discontinued show was a drama.
- Viewers prefer sitcoms over drama.
Explanation: There were 10 shows total: 5 sitcoms, 3 dramas, and 2 news magazines. By April, 7 were still on and 5 of these were sitcoms, meaning all 5 sitcoms survived. Therefore, the 3 discontinued shows must come from the 5 non-sitcoms (3 dramas + 2 news). Since only 2 news magazines existed, at least one of the three discontinued shows must have been a drama.
Read the passage given below and the two statements that follow (given on the basis of the passage): Four men are waiting at Delhi airport for a Mumbai flight. Two are doctors and other two are businessman. Two speak Gujarati and two speak Tamil. No two of the same profession speak the same language. Two are Muslims and two are Christians. No two of the same religion are of the same profession, nor do they speak same language. The Tamil speaking doctor is Christian. 1. The Christian-businessman speaks Gujarati. 2. The Gujarati-speaking doctor is a Muslim. Which of the above statements is/are correct conclusion/conclusions?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation: Since the Tamil-speaking doctor is Christian, and no two of the same religion share a profession or language, the other Christian must be a businessman speaking Gujarati. This makes the first statement true. The remaining doctor must speak Gujarati (since no two doctors speak the same language) and must be Muslim (since no two Muslims share a profession or language, and the other Muslim must be the Tamil-speaking businessman). This makes the second statement true.
Consider the following statements: "Though quite expensive, television is not a luxury item, as one can learn many things through television". Which one of the following is a valid inference from the above statements?
- All expensive things are regarded as luxury.
- All essential things for learning are not luxury.
- Television is essential for learning.
- Television is not a luxury item.
Explanation: The statement explicitly asserts that television is not a luxury item because it provides educational value. While it mentions learning, it does not claim that television is essential for learning, nor does it generalize about all expensive things or all essential things for learning.
Mr. Kumar drives to work at an average speed of 48 km/h. The time taken to cover the first 60% of the distance is 10 minutes more than the time taken to cover the remaining distance. How far is his office?
Explanation: Let the total distance be D km. The first 60% is 0.6D and the remaining 40% is 0.4D. The time difference is 10 minutes, which equals 10/60 = 1/6 hours. At 48 km/h, the equation becomes (0.6D/48) - (0.4D/48) = 1/6. Simplifying: 0.2D/48 = 1/6, which gives D = 48/(6 * 0.2) = 48/1.2 = 40 km.
Gita is prettier than Sita but not as pretty as Rita. Then,
- Sita is not as pretty as Gita.
- Sita is prettier than Rita.
- Rita is not as pretty as Gita.
- Gita is prettier than Rita.
Explanation: The statement explicitly says Gita is prettier than Sita, which directly implies that Sita is not as pretty as Gita. It also states that Gita is not as pretty as Rita, meaning Rita is prettier than Gita, which eliminates the other options.
Given that, 1. A is the brother of B. 2. C is the father of A. 3. D is the brother of E. 4. E is the daughter of B. Then the uncle of D is
Explanation: Since E is the daughter of B, and D is the brother of E, D is also a child of B. A is the brother of B, making A the uncle of D and E. C is the father of A and B, which makes C the grandfather of D, not the uncle.
Examine the following statements: 1. Rama scored more than Rani. 2. Rani scored less than Ratna. 3. Ratna scored more than Rama. 4. Padma scored more than Rama but less than Ratna. Who scored the highest?
Explanation: From the statements, Ratna scored more than Rama, Rani scored less than Ratna, and Padma scored more than Rama but less than Ratna. Therefore, Ratna scored more than Rama, Rani, and Padma, making Ratna the highest scorer.
Passage: Invasions of exotic species into new geographical areas sometimes occur naturally without human agency. However, human actions have increased this trickle to a flood. Human caused introductions may occur either accidentally or as a consequence of human transport, or intentionally but illegally to serve some private purpose or legitimately to procure some hoped-for public benefit by bringing a pest under control, producing new agricultural products or providing novel recreational opportunities. Many introduced species are assimilated into communities without much obvious effect. However some have been responsible for dramatic changes to native species and native communities. For example, the accidental introduction of the brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis into Guam, an island in the pacific, has through nest predation reduced 10 endemic forest bird species to the point of extinction. One of the major reasons for the world's great biodiversity is the occurrence of centres of endemism so that similar habitats in different parts of the world are occupied by different groups of species that happened to have evolved there. If the species naturally had access to everywhere on the globe, we might expect a relatively small number of successful species to become dominant in each biome. The extent to which this homogenisation can happen naturally is restricted by the limited powers of dispersal of most species in the face of the physical barriers that exist to dispersal. By virtue of the transport opportunities offered by humans, these barriers have been breached by an ever-increasing number of exotic species. The effects of introductions have been to convert a hugely diverse range of local community compositions into something much more homogenous. It would be wrong, however, to conclude that introducing species to a region will inevitably cause a decline in species there. For example, there are numerous species of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates found in continental Europe but absent from the British Isles (many because they have so far failed to recolonize after the last glaciations). Their introduction would be likely to augment British biodiversity.
With reference to the passage, which of the following statements is correct?
- Introduction of exotic species into new geographical areas always leads to reduced biodiversity.
- Exotic species introduced by man into new areas have always greatly altered the native ecosystems.
- Man is the only reason to convert a hugely diverse range of local community compositions into more homogenous ones.
- None of the above statements is correct in this context.
Explanation: The passage explicitly states that many introduced species are assimilated without obvious effect, and that introducing species does not inevitably cause decline. It also mentions that natural invasions occur without human agency, so humans are not the only reason for homogenization. Therefore, all three statements are incorrect.
Passage: Invasions of exotic species into new geographical areas sometimes occur naturally without human agency. However, human actions have increased this trickle to a flood. Human caused introductions may occur either accidentally or as a consequence of human transport, or intentionally but illegally to serve some private purpose or legitimately to procure some hoped-for public benefit by bringing a pest under control, producing new agricultural products or providing novel recreational opportunities. Many introduced species are assimilated into communities without much obvious effect. However some have been responsible for dramatic changes to native species and native communities. For example, the accidental introduction of the brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis into Guam, an island in the pacific, has through nest predation reduced 10 endemic forest bird species to the point of extinction. One of the major reasons for the world's great biodiversity is the occurrence of centres of endemism so that similar habitats in different parts of the world are occupied by different groups of species that happened to have evolved there. If the species naturally had access to everywhere on the globe, we might expect a relatively small number of successful species to become dominant in each biome. The extent to which this homogenisation can happen naturally is restricted by the limited powers of dispersal of most species in the face of the physical barriers that exist to dispersal. By virtue of the transport opportunities offered by humans, these barriers have been breached by an ever-increasing number of exotic species. The effects of introductions have been to convert a hugely diverse range of local community compositions into something much more homogenous. It would be wrong, however, to conclude that introducing species to a region will inevitably cause a decline in species there. For example, there are numerous species of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates found in continental Europe but absent from the British Isles (many because they have so far failed to recolonize after the last glaciations). Their introduction would be likely to augment British biodiversity.
Why does man introduce exotic species into new geographical areas? 1. To breed exotic species with local varieties. 2. To increase agricultural productivity. 3. For beautification and landscaping. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Explanation: The passage mentions intentional introductions for producing new agricultural products and providing novel recreational opportunities, which align with increasing agricultural productivity and landscaping or beautification. It does not mention breeding exotic species with local varieties as a reason for introduction.
Passage: Invasions of exotic species into new geographical areas sometimes occur naturally without human agency. However, human actions have increased this trickle to a flood. Human caused introductions may occur either accidentally or as a consequence of human transport, or intentionally but illegally to serve some private purpose or legitimately to procure some hoped-for public benefit by bringing a pest under control, producing new agricultural products or providing novel recreational opportunities. Many introduced species are assimilated into communities without much obvious effect. However some have been responsible for dramatic changes to native species and native communities. For example, the accidental introduction of the brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis into Guam, an island in the pacific, has through nest predation reduced 10 endemic forest bird species to the point of extinction. One of the major reasons for the world's great biodiversity is the occurrence of centres of endemism so that similar habitats in different parts of the world are occupied by different groups of species that happened to have evolved there. If the species naturally had access to everywhere on the globe, we might expect a relatively small number of successful species to become dominant in each biome. The extent to which this homogenisation can happen naturally is restricted by the limited powers of dispersal of most species in the face of the physical barriers that exist to dispersal. By virtue of the transport opportunities offered by humans, these barriers have been breached by an ever-increasing number of exotic species. The effects of introductions have been to convert a hugely diverse range of local community compositions into something much more homogenous. It would be wrong, however, to conclude that introducing species to a region will inevitably cause a decline in species there. For example, there are numerous species of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates found in continental Europe but absent from the British Isles (many because they have so far failed to recolonize after the last glaciations). Their introduction would be likely to augment British biodiversity.
How is homogenization prevented under natural conditions?
- Evolution of groups of species specific to local habitats.
- Presence of oceans and mountain ranges.
- Strong adaptation of groups of species to local physical climatic conditions.
- All of the above statements are correct in this context.
Explanation: The passage states that homogenisation is naturally restricted by limited dispersal powers and physical barriers. It also mentions that similar habitats are occupied by different groups of species that evolved there (endemism), and that species are adapted to local conditions. All three factors contribute to preventing homogenization.
Passage: Invasions of exotic species into new geographical areas sometimes occur naturally without human agency. However, human actions have increased this trickle to a flood. Human caused introductions may occur either accidentally or as a consequence of human transport, or intentionally but illegally to serve some private purpose or legitimately to procure some hoped-for public benefit by bringing a pest under control, producing new agricultural products or providing novel recreational opportunities. Many introduced species are assimilated into communities without much obvious effect. However some have been responsible for dramatic changes to native species and native communities. For example, the accidental introduction of the brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis into Guam, an island in the pacific, has through nest predation reduced 10 endemic forest bird species to the point of extinction. One of the major reasons for the world's great biodiversity is the occurrence of centres of endemism so that similar habitats in different parts of the world are occupied by different groups of species that happened to have evolved there. If the species naturally had access to everywhere on the globe, we might expect a relatively small number of successful species to become dominant in each biome. The extent to which this homogenisation can happen naturally is restricted by the limited powers of dispersal of most species in the face of the physical barriers that exist to dispersal. By virtue of the transport opportunities offered by humans, these barriers have been breached by an ever-increasing number of exotic species. The effects of introductions have been to convert a hugely diverse range of local community compositions into something much more homogenous. It would be wrong, however, to conclude that introducing species to a region will inevitably cause a decline in species there. For example, there are numerous species of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates found in continental Europe but absent from the British Isles (many because they have so far failed to recolonize after the last glaciations). Their introduction would be likely to augment British biodiversity.
How have human beings influenced biodiversity?
1. By smuggling live organism.
2. By building highways.
3. By making ecosystems sensitive so that new species are not allowed.
4. By ensuring that new species do not have major impact on local species.
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
- 2 and 4
Explanation: The passage states that human transport and accidental or intentional introductions have breached natural barriers, allowing exotic species to invade new areas. Smuggling live organisms and building highways both facilitate such transport and introduction. The other options contradict the passage, which notes that humans have increased invasions dramatically and that some introduced species cause major impacts on native communities.
Passage: Invasions of exotic species into new geographical areas sometimes occur naturally without human agency. However, human actions have increased this trickle to a flood. Human caused introductions may occur either accidentally or as a consequence of human transport, or intentionally but illegally to serve some private purpose or legitimately to procure some hoped-for public benefit by bringing a pest under control, producing new agricultural products or providing novel recreational opportunities. Many introduced species are assimilated into communities without much obvious effect. However some have been responsible for dramatic changes to native species and native communities. For example, the accidental introduction of the brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis into Guam, an island in the pacific, has through nest predation reduced 10 endemic forest bird species to the point of extinction. One of the major reasons for the world's great biodiversity is the occurrence of centres of endemism so that similar habitats in different parts of the world are occupied by different groups of species that happened to have evolved there. If the species naturally had access to everywhere on the globe, we might expect a relatively small number of successful species to become dominant in each biome. The extent to which this homogenisation can happen naturally is restricted by the limited powers of dispersal of most species in the face of the physical barriers that exist to dispersal. By virtue of the transport opportunities offered by humans, these barriers have been breached by an ever-increasing number of exotic species. The effects of introductions have been to convert a hugely diverse range of local community compositions into something much more homogenous. It would be wrong, however, to conclude that introducing species to a region will inevitably cause a decline in species there. For example, there are numerous species of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates found in continental Europe but absent from the British Isles (many because they have so far failed to recolonize after the last glaciations). Their introduction would be likely to augment British biodiversity.
What can be the impact of invasion of exotic species on an ecosystem?
1. Erosion of endemic species.
2. Change in the species composition of the community of the ecosystem.
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation: The passage cites the brown tree snake reducing endemic forest birds to extinction, demonstrating erosion of endemic species. It also states that introductions convert diverse local community compositions into something more homogenous, indicating a change in species composition.
Passage: Most champions of democracy have rather reticent in suggesting that democracy would itself promote development and enhancement of social welfare — they have tended to see them as good but distinctly separate independents goals. The detractors of democracy, on the other hand, seemed to have been quite willing to express their diagnosis of what they sees as serious tensions between democracy and development. The theorists of the practical spirit — "Make up your mind: do you want democracy, or instead, do you want development?" — often came, at least to start with, from East Asian countries, and their voice grew in influence as several of these countries were immensely successful — through the 1970s and 1980s and even later — in promoting economic growth without pursuing democracy. To deal with these issues we have to pay particular attention to both the content of what can be called development and to the interpretation of democracy (in particular to the respective roles of voting and of public reasoning). The assessment of development cannot be divorced from the lives that people can lead and the real freedom that they enjoy. Development can scarcely be seen merely in terms of enhancement of inanimate objects of convenience, such as a rise in the GNP (or in personal incomes), or industrialisation — important as they may be as means to the real ends. Their value must depend on what they do to the lives and freedom of the people involved, which must be central to the idea of development. If development is understood in a broader way, with a focus on human lives, then it becomes immediately clear that the relation between development and democracy has to be seen partly in terms of their constitutive connection, rather than only through their external links. Even though the question has often been asked whether political freedom is "conductive to development", we must not miss the crucial that political liberties and democratic rights are among the "constitutive components" of development does not have to be established indirectly through their contribution to the growth of GNP.
According to the passage, why is a serious tension perceived between democracy and development by the detractors of democracy?
- Democracy and development are distinct and separate goals.
- Economic growth can be promoted successfully without pursuing a democratic system of governance.
- Non-democratic regimes deliver economic growth faster and far more successfully than democratic ones.
- All of the above statements are correct in this context.
Explanation: The passage notes that detractors see tensions between democracy and development, with theorists framing them as mutually exclusive choices. It cites East Asian countries as examples where economic growth was achieved without democracy, implying non-democratic regimes can deliver growth successfully. The champions of democracy themselves view the two as separate goals, and the detractors' perspective encompasses all these views.
Passage: Most champions of democracy have rather reticent in suggesting that democracy would itself promote development and enhancement of social welfare — they have tended to see them as good but distinctly separate independents goals. The detractors of democracy, on the other hand, seemed to have been quite willing to express their diagnosis of what they sees as serious tensions between democracy and development. The theorists of the practical spirit — "Make up your mind: do you want democracy, or instead, do you want development?" — often came, at least to start with, from East Asian countries, and their voice grew in influence as several of these countries were immensely successful — through the 1970s and 1980s and even later — in promoting economic growth without pursuing democracy. To deal with these issues we have to pay particular attention to both the content of what can be called development and to the interpretation of democracy (in particular to the respective roles of voting and of public reasoning). The assessment of development cannot be divorced from the lives that people can lead and the real freedom that they enjoy. Development can scarcely be seen merely in terms of enhancement of inanimate objects of convenience, such as a rise in the GNP (or in personal incomes), or industrialisation — important as they may be as means to the real ends. Their value must depend on what they do to the lives and freedom of the people involved, which must be central to the idea of development. If development is understood in a broader way, with a focus on human lives, then it becomes immediately clear that the relation between development and democracy has to be seen partly in terms of their constitutive connection, rather than only through their external links. Even though the question has often been asked whether political freedom is "conductive to development", we must not miss the crucial that political liberties and democratic rights are among the "constitutive components" of development does not have to be established indirectly through their contribution to the growth of GNP.
According to the passage, what should be the ultimate assessment/aim/view of development?
- Rise in the per capita income and industrial growth rates.
- Improvement in the Human Development Index and GNP.
- Rise in the savings and consumption trends.
- Extent of real freedom that citizens enjoy.
Explanation: The passage explicitly states that the assessment of development cannot be divorced from the lives people can lead and the real freedom they enjoy. It criticizes viewing development merely as a rise in GNP or industrialization, emphasizing that the value of such measures depends on what they do to the lives and freedom of the people involved.
Passage: Most champions of democracy have rather reticent in suggesting that democracy would itself promote development and enhancement of social welfare — they have tended to see them as good but distinctly separate independents goals. The detractors of democracy, on the other hand, seemed to have been quite willing to express their diagnosis of what they sees as serious tensions between democracy and development. The theorists of the practical spirit — "Make up your mind: do you want democracy, or instead, do you want development?" — often came, at least to start with, from East Asian countries, and their voice grew in influence as several of these countries were immensely successful — through the 1970s and 1980s and even later — in promoting economic growth without pursuing democracy. To deal with these issues we have to pay particular attention to both the content of what can be called development and to the interpretation of democracy (in particular to the respective roles of voting and of public reasoning). The assessment of development cannot be divorced from the lives that people can lead and the real freedom that they enjoy. Development can scarcely be seen merely in terms of enhancement of inanimate objects of convenience, such as a rise in the GNP (or in personal incomes), or industrialisation — important as they may be as means to the real ends. Their value must depend on what they do to the lives and freedom of the people involved, which must be central to the idea of development. If development is understood in a broader way, with a focus on human lives, then it becomes immediately clear that the relation between development and democracy has to be seen partly in terms of their constitutive connection, rather than only through their external links. Even though the question has often been asked whether political freedom is "conductive to development", we must not miss the crucial that political liberties and democratic rights are among the "constitutive components" of development does not have to be established indirectly through their contribution to the growth of GNP.
What does a "constitutive" connection between democracy and development imply?
- The relation between them has to be seen through external links.
- Political and civil rights only can lead to economic development.
- Political liberties and democratic rights are essential elements of development.
- None of the above statements is correct in this context.
Explanation: The passage explains that political liberties and democratic rights are among the constitutive components of development itself, meaning they are essential elements of development rather than merely external means to achieve it. The relation between development and democracy must be seen partly in terms of this internal connection.
Passage: The need for Competition Law becomes more evident when foreign direct investment (FDI) is liberalised. The impact of FDI is not always pro-competitive. Very often FDI takes the form of a foreign corporation acquiring a domestic enterprise or establishing a joint venture with one. By making such an acquisition the foreign investor may substantially lessen competition and gain a dominant position in the relevant market, thus charging higher prices. Another scenario is where the affiliates of two separate multinational companies (MNCs) have been established in competition with one another in a particular developing economy, following the liberalisation of FDI. Subsequently, the parent companies overseas merge. With the affiliates no longer remaining independent, competition in the country may be artificially inflated. Most of these adverse consequences of mergers and acquisitions by MNCs can be avoided if an effective competition law is in place. Also, an economy that has implemented an effective competition law is in a better position to attract FDI than one that has not. This is not just because most MNCs are expected to be accustomed to the operation of such a law in their home countries and know how to deal with such concerns but also that MNCs expect competition authorities to ensure a level playing field between domestic and foreign firms.
With reference to the passage, consider the following statements: 1. It is desirable that the impact of Foreign Direct investment should be pro-competitive. 2. The entry of foreign investors invariably leads to the inflated prices in domestic markets. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation: The passage states that the impact of FDI is not always pro-competitive and that adverse consequences can be avoided with effective competition law, implying that pro-competitive FDI is desirable. However, the passage does not claim that foreign investors invariably lead to inflated prices; it says they may charge higher prices when they gain dominance, which is not inevitable.
Passage: The need for Competition Law becomes more evident when foreign direct investment (FDI) is liberalised. The impact of FDI is not always pro-competitive. Very often FDI takes the form of a foreign corporation acquiring a domestic enterprise or establishing a joint venture with one. By making such an acquisition the foreign investor may substantially lessen competition and gain a dominant position in the relevant market, thus charging higher prices. Another scenario is where the affiliates of two separate multinational companies (MNCs) have been established in competition with one another in a particular developing economy, following the liberalisation of FDI. Subsequently, the parent companies overseas merge. With the affiliates no longer remaining independent, competition in the country may be artificially inflated. Most of these adverse consequences of mergers and acquisitions by MNCs can be avoided if an effective competition law is in place. Also, an economy that has implemented an effective competition law is in a better position to attract FDI than one that has not. This is not just because most MNCs are expected to be accustomed to the operation of such a law in their home countries and know how to deal with such concerns but also that MNCs expect competition authorities to ensure a level playing field between domestic and foreign firms.
According to the passage, how does a foreign investor dominate the relevant domestic market?
1. Multinational companies get accustomed to domestic laws.
2. Foreign companies establish joint ventures with domestic companies.
3. Affiliates in a particular market/sector lose their independence as their parent companies overseas merge.
4. Foreign companies lower the cost of their products as compared to that of products of domestic companies.
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3 only
- 1, 2, 3 and 4
Explanation: The passage describes foreign investors establishing joint ventures or acquiring domestic enterprises, and affiliates losing independence when parent companies overseas merge. It does not mention lowering product costs as a means of dominance, nor does it suggest that getting accustomed to domestic laws causes market dominance.
Passage: The need for Competition Law becomes more evident when foreign direct investment (FDI) is liberalised. The impact of FDI is not always pro-competitive. Very often FDI takes the form of a foreign corporation acquiring a domestic enterprise or establishing a joint venture with one. By making such an acquisition the foreign investor may substantially lessen competition and gain a dominant position in the relevant market, thus charging higher prices. Another scenario is where the affiliates of two separate multinational companies (MNCs) have been established in competition with one another in a particular developing economy, following the liberalisation of FDI. Subsequently, the parent companies overseas merge. With the affiliates no longer remaining independent, competition in the country may be artificially inflated. Most of these adverse consequences of mergers and acquisitions by MNCs can be avoided if an effective competition law is in place. Also, an economy that has implemented an effective competition law is in a better position to attract FDI than one that has not. This is not just because most MNCs are expected to be accustomed to the operation of such a law in their home countries and know how to deal with such concerns but also that MNCs expect competition authorities to ensure a level playing field between domestic and foreign firms.
What is the inference from this passage?
- Foreign investors and multinational companies always dominate domestic market.
- It is not in the best interest of domestic economy to allow mergers of companies.
- With competition law, it is easy to ensure a level playing field between domestic and foreign firms.
- For countries with open economy, Foreign Direct investment is essential for growth.
Explanation: The passage emphasizes that most adverse consequences of MNC mergers can be avoided with effective competition law, and that MNCs expect competition authorities to ensure a level playing field. The other options are either too absolute or introduce claims not supported by the passage.
Examine the following statements: 1. I watch TV only if I am bored. 2. I am never bored when I have my brother's company. 3. Whenever I go to the theatre, I take my brother along. Which one of the following conclusions is valid in the context of the above statements?
- If I am bored, I watch TV.
- If I am bored, I seek my brother's company.
- If I am not with my brother, then I watch TV.
- If I am not bored, I do not watch TV.
Explanation: The first statement establishes that TV watching implies boredom, which is logically equivalent to not bored implies no TV watching. The other options commit logical fallacies or introduce unsupported connections between boredom and seeking company or watching TV.
Only six roads A, B, C, P, Q and R connect a military camp to the rest of the country. Only one out of A, P, and R is open at any one time. If B is closed so is Q. Only one of A and B is open during storms. P is closed during floods. In the context, which one of the following statements is correct?
- Under normal conditions only three roads are open.
- During storms at least one road is open.
- During floods only three roads are open.
- During calamities all roads are closed.
Explanation: During storms, exactly one of A or B must be open. Since at least one of them is guaranteed to be open, and no other restrictions necessarily close all remaining roads, at least one road remains accessible during storms. The other statements make claims that cannot be verified from the given conditions.
Examine the following statements: 1. None but students are the members of the club. 2. Some members of the club are married. 3. All married persons are invited for dance. Which one of the conclusions can be drawn from the above statements?
- All students are invited for dance.
- All married students are invited for dance.
- All members of the club are married person.
- None of the above conclusions can be drawn.
Explanation: From the first statement, all members are students. From the second, some members are married, meaning some students are married. From the third, all married persons are invited for dance. Therefore, all married students are invited. The first option is incorrect because not all students are necessarily married, and the third is incorrect because only some members are married.
Four political parties W, X, Y and Z decided to set up a joint candidate for the coming parliamentary election. The formula agreed by them was the acceptance of a candidate of the most of the parties. Four aspiring candidates A, B, C and D approached the parties for their tickets. A was acceptable to W but not to Z. B was acceptable to Y but not to X. C was acceptable to W and Y. D was acceptable to W and X. When candidate B was preferred by W and Z, candidate C was preferred by X and Z and candidate A was acceptable to X but not to Y; who got the ticket?
Explanation: Candidate C is acceptable to W and Y, and preferred by X and Z, giving C the support of all four parties. A lacks support from Z and Y. B lacks support from X. D has no demonstrated support from Y or Z.
Consider the following statements: 1. All X-brand cars parked here are white. 2. Some of them have radial tyres. 3. All X-brand cars manufactured after 1986 have radial tyres. 4. All cars are not X-brand. Which one of the following conclusions can be drawn from the above statements?
- Only white cars are parked here.
- Some white X-brand cars with radial tyres are parked here.
- Cars other than X-brand cannot have radial tyres.
- Most of the X-brand cars are manufactured before 1986.
Explanation: From the first two statements, some X-brand cars parked here have radial tyres, and all X-brand cars parked here are white. Therefore, some white X-brand cars with radial tyres are parked here. The other options make claims that exceed what the premises establish.
Consider the following statements: The Third World War, if it ever starts will end very quickly with possible end of civilization. It is only the misuse of nuclear power which will trigger it. Based on the above statement, which one of the following inferences is correct?
- Nuclear power will be used in Third World War.
- There will be no civilization left after third world war.
- The growth of nuclear power will destroy civilization in the long run.
- The Third World War will not take place.
Explanation: The statement specifies that only misuse of nuclear power will trigger the Third World War, meaning that if the war occurs, nuclear power will necessarily be involved. The other options make stronger claims than the premises support, such as certainty about civilization's end or predictions about the war's occurrence.
Passage: The poor especially in market economics, need the strength that collectivities offer for creating more economic, social and political space for themselves, for enhancing their socio-economic well-being and voice, and as a protection against free market individualism. It has been argued that a group approach to farming, especially in the form of bottom up agricultural production collectivities, offers substantial scope for poverty alleviation and empowering the poor as well as enhancing agricultural productivity. The realize this potential, however, the groups would need to be voluntary in nature, small in size, participative in decision making and equitable in work sharing and benefit distribution. There are many notable examples of such collectivities to be found in varied contexts, such as in transitions economies. All of them bear witness to the possibility of successful cooperation under given conditions. And although the gender impact of the family cooperatives in the transition economies are uncertain, the Indian examples of women-only groups farming offer considerable potential for benefiting women.
Agricultural collectivities such as group based farming can provide the rural poor
1. empowerment.
2. increased agricultural productivity.
3. safeguard against exploitative markets.
4. surplus production of agricultural commodities.
- 1, 2, 3 and 4
- 1, 2 and 3 only
- 2 and 4 only
- 1, 3 and 4 only
Explanation: The passage explicitly states that agricultural collectivities offer scope for empowering the poor, enhancing agricultural productivity, and protection against free market individualism. It does not mention surplus production of agricultural commodities as a specific benefit.
Passage: The poor especially in market economics, need the strength that collectivities offer for creating more economic, social and political space for themselves, for enhancing their socio-economic well-being and voice, and as a protection against free market individualism. It has been argued that a group approach to farming, especially in the form of bottom up agricultural production collectivities, offers substantial scope for poverty alleviation and empowering the poor as well as enhancing agricultural productivity. The realize this potential, however, the groups would need to be voluntary in nature, small in size, participative in decision making and equitable in work sharing and benefit distribution. There are many notable examples of such collectivities to be found in varied contexts, such as in transitions economies. All of them bear witness to the possibility of successful cooperation under given conditions. And although the gender impact of the family cooperatives in the transition economies are uncertain, the Indian examples of women-only groups farming offer considerable potential for benefiting women.
What does the author imply by "gender impact"?
- Women are doubtful participants in cooperatives.
- Family cooperatives may not include women.
- Women benefitting from group farming.
- Women's role in transition economies is highly restrictive.
Explanation: The passage contrasts the uncertain gender impact of family cooperatives in transition economies with the considerable potential of Indian women-only groups to benefit women. This implies that "gender impact" refers to the effect on women, specifically whether women benefit from such collectivities.
Passage: The poor especially in market economics, need the strength that collectivities offer for creating more economic, social and political space for themselves, for enhancing their socio-economic well-being and voice, and as a protection against free market individualism. It has been argued that a group approach to farming, especially in the form of bottom up agricultural production collectivities, offers substantial scope for poverty alleviation and empowering the poor as well as enhancing agricultural productivity. The realize this potential, however, the groups would need to be voluntary in nature, small in size, participative in decision making and equitable in work sharing and benefit distribution. There are many notable examples of such collectivities to be found in varied contexts, such as in transitions economies. All of them bear witness to the possibility of successful cooperation under given conditions. And although the gender impact of the family cooperatives in the transition economies are uncertain, the Indian examples of women-only groups farming offer considerable potential for benefiting women.
Consider the following assumptions: 1. It is imperative for transition economies to have agricultural collectivities. 2. Agricultural productivity can be increased by group approach to farming. With reference to the above passage which of these assumptions is/are valid?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation: The passage argues that group farming offers substantial scope for enhancing productivity, validating the second assumption. However, it does not state that it is imperative for transition economies to have collectivities; it merely notes examples exist in varied contexts including transition economies.
Passage: In a typical Western liberal context, deepening of democracy invariably leads to consolidation of 'liberal values'. In the Indian context, democratization is translated into greater involvement of people not 'individuals' which is a staple to liberal discourse, but as communities or groups. Individuals are getting involved in the public sphere not as 'atomized' individuals but as members of primordial communities drawn on religious or caste identity. Community-identity seems to be the governing force. It is not therefore surprising that the so-called peripheral groups continue to maintain their identities with reference to the social groups (caste, religion or sect) to which they belong while getting involved in the political processes despite the fact that their political goals remain more or less identical. By helping to articulate the political voice of the marginalized, democracy in India has led to 'a loosening of social strictures' and empowered the peripherals to be confident of their ability to improve the socio economic conditions in which they are placed. This is a significant political process that had led to a silent revolution through a meaningful transfer of power from the upper caste cities to various subaltern groups within the democratic framework of public governance.
According to the passage, what does "deepening of democracy" mean in the Western context?
- Consolidation of group and class identities.
- Democratization translated as greater involvement of people.
- Democratization as greater involvement of 'atomized' individuals in the public sphere.
- None of the above statements is correct in this context.
Explanation: The passage explicitly states that in the Western liberal context, deepening of democracy leads to consolidation of liberal values. None of the provided options mention consolidation of liberal values; the first option describes the Indian context, while the other two describe generic or Indian conceptions of democratization.
Passage: In a typical Western liberal context, deepening of democracy invariably leads to consolidation of 'liberal values'. In the Indian context, democratization is translated into greater involvement of people not 'individuals' which is a staple to liberal discourse, but as communities or groups. Individuals are getting involved in the public sphere not as 'atomized' individuals but as members of primordial communities drawn on religious or caste identity. Community-identity seems to be the governing force. It is not therefore surprising that the so-called peripheral groups continue to maintain their identities with reference to the social groups (caste, religion or sect) to which they belong while getting involved in the political processes despite the fact that their political goals remain more or less identical. By helping to articulate the political voice of the marginalized, democracy in India has led to 'a loosening of social strictures' and empowered the peripherals to be confident of their ability to improve the socio economic conditions in which they are placed. This is a significant political process that had led to a silent revolution through a meaningful transfer of power from the upper caste cities to various subaltern groups within the democratic framework of public governance.
Greater democratization in India has not necessarily led to
- the dilution of caste and communal identities in the public sphere.
- irrelevance of community identity as governing force in Indian politics.
- marginalization of elite groups in society.
- relative unimportance of hereditary identities.
Explanation: The passage explicitly states that peripheral groups continue to maintain their caste, religious, and sect identities while participating in politics, and that community identity remains the governing force. Therefore, democratization has not rendered community identity irrelevant.
Passage: In a typical Western liberal context, deepening of democracy invariably leads to consolidation of 'liberal values'. In the Indian context, democratization is translated into greater involvement of people not 'individuals' which is a staple to liberal discourse, but as communities or groups. Individuals are getting involved in the public sphere not as 'atomized' individuals but as members of primordial communities drawn on religious or caste identity. Community-identity seems to be the governing force. It is not therefore surprising that the so-called peripheral groups continue to maintain their identities with reference to the social groups (caste, religion or sect) to which they belong while getting involved in the political processes despite the fact that their political goals remain more or less identical. By helping to articulate the political voice of the marginalized, democracy in India has led to 'a loosening of social strictures' and empowered the peripherals to be confident of their ability to improve the socio economic conditions in which they are placed. This is a significant political process that had led to a silent revolution through a meaningful transfer of power from the upper caste cities to various subaltern groups within the democratic framework of public governance.
What is the "silent revolution" that has occurred in the Indian democratic process?
- Irrelevance of caste and class hierarchies in political processes.
- Loosening of social strictures in voting behavior and patterns.
- Social change transfer of power from upper caste elites to subaltern groups.
- All of the above statements are correct in this context.
Explanation: The passage explicitly defines the silent revolution as a meaningful transfer of power from upper caste elites to various subaltern groups within the democratic framework. While it mentions loosening of social strictures as a related development, the silent revolution specifically refers to this transfer of power.
Guest lectures on five subjects viz., Economics, History, Statistics, English and Mathematics have to be arranged in a week from Monday to Friday. Only one lecture can be arranged on each day. Economics cannot be scheduled on Tuesday. Guest faculty for History is available only on Tuesday. Mathematics lecture has to be schedules immediately after the day of Economics lecture. English lecture has to be scheduled immediately before the day of Economics lecture. Which lecture is scheduled on Monday?
- History
- Economics
- Mathematics
- Statistics
Explanation: History must be on Tuesday. English, Economics, and Mathematics must occupy three consecutive days in that order. Since Economics cannot be on Tuesday, the only valid block is Wednesday-Thursday-Friday for English-Economics-Mathematics. This leaves Monday for Statistics.
Guest lectures on five subjects viz., Economics, History, Statistics, English and Mathematics have to be arranged in a week from Monday to Friday. Only one lecture can be arranged on each day. Economics cannot be scheduled on Tuesday. Guest faculty for History is available only on Tuesday. Mathematics lecture has to be schedules immediately after the day of Economics lecture. English lecture has to be scheduled immediately before the day of Economics lecture. Which lecture is scheduled between Statistics and English?
- Economics
- History
- Mathematics
- No lecture
Explanation: The schedule is Monday-Statistics, Tuesday-History, Wednesday-English, Thursday-Economics, Friday-Mathematics. History falls on Tuesday between Statistics on Monday and English on Wednesday.
Guest lectures on five subjects viz., Economics, History, Statistics, English and Mathematics have to be arranged in a week from Monday to Friday. Only one lecture can be arranged on each day. Economics cannot be scheduled on Tuesday. Guest faculty for History is available only on Tuesday. Mathematics lecture has to be schedules immediately after the day of Economics lecture. English lecture has to be scheduled immediately before the day of Economics lecture. Which lecture is the last one in the week?
- History
- English
- Mathematics
- Economics
Explanation: The schedule is Monday-Statistics, Tuesday-History, Wednesday-English, Thursday-Economics, Friday-Mathematics. Mathematics is scheduled on Friday, making it the last lecture of the week.
Guest lectures on five subjects viz., Economics, History, Statistics, English and Mathematics have to be arranged in a week from Monday to Friday. Only one lecture can be arranged on each day. Economics cannot be scheduled on Tuesday. Guest faculty for History is available only on Tuesday. Mathematics lecture has to be schedules immediately after the day of Economics lecture. English lecture has to be scheduled immediately before the day of Economics lecture. Which lecture is located scheduled on Wednesday?
- Statistics
- Economics
- English
- History
Explanation: The schedule is Monday-Statistics, Tuesday-History, Wednesday-English, Thursday-Economics, Friday-Mathematics. English is scheduled on Wednesday.
Guest lectures on five subjects viz., Economics, History, Statistics, English and Mathematics have to be arranged in a week from Monday to Friday. Only one lecture can be arranged on each day. Economics cannot be scheduled on Tuesday. Guest faculty for History is available only on Tuesday. Mathematics lecture has to be schedules immediately after the day of Economics lecture. English lecture has to be scheduled immediately before the day of Economics lecture. Which lecture is scheduled before the Mathematics lecture?
- Economics
- History
- Statistics
- English
Explanation: The schedule is Monday-Statistics, Tuesday-History, Wednesday-English, Thursday-Economics, Friday-Mathematics. Economics is scheduled on Thursday, immediately before Mathematics on Friday.
Two glasses of equal volume are respectively half and three-fourths filled with milk. They are then filled to the brim by adding water. Their contents are then poured into another vessel. What will be the ratio of milk to water in this vessel?
Explanation: The first glass contains 1/2 milk and 1/2 water. The second contains 3/4 milk and 1/4 water. Combined milk equals 1/2 + 3/4 = 5/4. Combined water equals 1/2 + 1/4 = 3/4. The ratio of milk to water is (5/4)/(3/4) = 5/3, or 5:3.
Consider the following statements: 1. All machines consume energy. 2. Electricity provides energy. 3. Electricity operated machines are cheap to maintain. 4. Electrically operated machines do not cause pollution. Which one of the following inferences can be drawn from the above statements?
- All machines are run by electric energy.
- There is no form of energy other than electricity.
- Most machines are operated on electric energy.
- Electrically operated machines are preferable to use.
Explanation: Statements three and four cite positive attributes of electrically operated machines, namely low maintenance and no pollution. These advantages support the inference that such machines are preferable. The other options make universal or unsupported claims that exceed the given premises.
Examine the following statements: 1. None but the rich can afford air-travel. 2. Some of those who travel by air become sick. 3. Some of those who become sick require treatment. Which one of the following conclusions can be drawn from the above statements?
- All the rich persons travel sick.
- Those who travel by air become sick.
- All the rich persons become sick.
- All those who travel by air are rich.
Explanation: The first statement means that only the rich can afford air travel, which logically implies that all those who travel by air are rich. The second and third statements only establish that some air travelers become sick and some sick people require treatment, which does not support universal claims about all rich persons or all air travelers becoming sick.
In five flats, one above the other, live five professionals. The professor has to go up to meet his IAS officer friend. The doctor is equally to all, and has to go up as frequently as go down. The engineer has to go up to meet his MLA friend above whose flat lives the professor's friend. From the ground floor to the top floor, in what order do the five professionals live?
- Engineer, Professor, Doctor, IAS officer, MLA.
- Professor, Engineer, Doctor, IAS officer, MLA.
- IAS officer, Engineer, Doctor, Professor, MLA.
- Professor, Engineer, Doctor, MLA, IAS officer.
Explanation: The doctor must be in the middle flat to go up and down equally. The professor must be below the IAS officer. The engineer must be below the MLA, and the professor's friend (the IAS officer) lives above the MLA. The order Professor-Engineer-Doctor-MLA-IAS officer satisfies all these conditions.
Passage: For fourteen and a half months I lived in my little cell or room in Dehradun jail, and I began to feel as if I was almost a part of it. I was familiar with every bit of it, I knew every mark and dent on the whitewashed walls and on the uneven floors and on the ceiling with the moth-eaten rafters. In the little yard outside I greeted little tufts of grass and odd bits of stone as old friends. I was not alone in my cell, for several colonies of wasp and hornets lived there, and many lizards found the home behind the rafters, emerging in the evening in the search of prey.
Which of the following explains best the sentence in the passage "I was almost a part of it"?
- I was not alone in the cell.
- I was familiar with every bit of the cell.
- I greeted little tufts of grass like old friends.
- I felt quite at home in the cell.
Explanation: The phrase "almost a part of it" indicates a deep sense of belonging and integration with the environment. While familiarity with marks and greeting grass as friends illustrate this feeling, the best explanation is that the author felt quite at home in the cell.