Consider the following statements regarding Limitations on Lok Adalat jurisdiction over non-compoundable offences:
1. The National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) was constituted under the 1987 Act to monitor and evaluate the implementation of legal aid programmes, including the functioning of Lok Adalats.
2. Under the provisions of the 1987 Act, the Lok Adalat can only settle matters where both parties reach a compromise or settlement, excluding cases involving non-compoundable criminal charges.
3. The 1987 Act establishes that the Lok Adalat award is final and binding on the parties, and the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution reviews these awards in cases involving non-compoundable offences to ensure procedural fairness.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, established NALSA to provide free legal services and organize Lok Adalats. Statement 2 is correct because Lok Adalats derive their jurisdiction from the consent of parties and are explicitly barred from dealing with non-compoundable offences under the 1987 Act. Statement 3 is incorrect because, while a Lok Adalat award is deemed a decree of a civil court and is final and binding, it cannot be appealed; however, it remains subject to judicial review under Article 226, but the Act does not provide for a specific review mechanism for non-compoundable offences as they are outside the Lok Adalat's jurisdiction entirely.
Consider the following statements regarding Integration with the e-Courts project and digital Lok Adalats:
1. The Justice Delivery and Legal Reforms scheme includes the 'e-Sewa Kendra' initiative, which serves as the primary technical interface for filing Lok Adalat petitions directly to the High Court registry.
2. The first Digital Lok Adalat was organized by the Rajasthan State Legal Services Authority in June 2022, utilizing AI-based tools to facilitate dispute resolution.
3. Under the e-Courts Project Phase II, the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) introduced the 'e-Lok Adalat' platform to enable virtual hearings for pending and pre-litigation cases.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because e-Sewa Kendras are designed to provide information and assistance to litigants regarding case status and online services at the court complex level, not for filing Lok Adalat petitions directly to the High Court registry. Statement 2 is correct as the Rajasthan State Legal Services Authority pioneered the first Digital Lok Adalat in June 2022, leveraging technology to resolve disputes remotely. Statement 3 is correct because, under the e-Courts Project Phase II, NALSA successfully integrated the e-Lok Adalat platform to conduct virtual hearings, significantly enhancing accessibility for both pending and pre-litigation cases.
Consider the following statements regarding Legal status of Lok Adalat awards as civil court decrees:
1. The award of a Lok Adalat is final and binding on all parties to the dispute, and no appeal lies to any court against the award.
2. The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, governs the functioning of Lok Adalats, and the awards rendered by them are treated as arbitral awards subject to judicial challenge.
3. Under Section 21 of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, every award of a Lok Adalat is deemed to be a decree of a civil court.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statements 1 and 3 are correct because under Section 21 of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, a Lok Adalat award is final, binding, and legally equivalent to a civil court decree, precluding any further appeal. Statement 2 is incorrect because Lok Adalats are governed by the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, not the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996; consequently, their awards are not subject to the judicial challenges applicable to arbitral awards.
Consider the following statements regarding Scope of Lok Adalats in matrimonial and family disputes:
1. The Supreme Court of India, in the case of B.P. Moideen Sevamandir v. A.M. Kutty Hassan (2009), clarified that an award of a Lok Adalat is treated as a decree of a civil court, which is final and binding on the parties involved in matrimonial litigation.
2. The Legal Services Authorities Act of 1987 provides the statutory basis for Lok Adalats to exercise jurisdiction over matrimonial disputes under the Family Courts Act, 1984.
3. Section 19 of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, empowers State Legal Services Authorities to organize Lok Adalats at such intervals and places as deemed appropriate for settling family matters.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the Supreme Court affirmed in B.P. Moideen Sevamandir (2009) that Lok Adalat awards are legally equivalent to civil court decrees, ensuring finality in disputes, including matrimonial ones. Statement 2 is correct because the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, provides the overarching framework that allows Lok Adalats to facilitate settlements in family matters, complementing the conciliation objectives of the Family Courts Act, 1984. Statement 3 is correct as Section 19 of the 1987 Act explicitly mandates State Legal Services Authorities to organize Lok Adalats at regular intervals, granting them the flexibility to address diverse legal issues, including family and matrimonial conflicts.
Consider the following statements regarding Legal status of Lok Adalat awards as civil court decrees:
1. State Legal Services Authorities are authorized to conduct Lok Adalats for criminal cases, and the awards issued in these sessions carry the same weight as a judgment delivered by a Sessions Court.
2. The Legal Services Authorities (Amendment) Act, 2002, introduced the concept of Permanent Lok Adalats to deal with cases relating to public utility services.
3. The Supreme Court in the P.T. Thomas v. Thomas Job case held that Lok Adalat awards are equivalent to consent decrees, which can be reopened if new evidence emerges within ninety days.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct as the Legal Services Authorities (Amendment) Act, 2002, established Permanent Lok Adalats to provide a mechanism for compulsory pre-litigation conciliation in public utility services. Statement 1 is incorrect because Lok Adalats can only handle compoundable criminal cases, and their awards are deemed decrees of a civil court, not judgments of a Sessions Court. Statement 3 is incorrect because, per the P.T. Thomas v. Thomas Job case, an award of a Lok Adalat is final and binding on all parties, and no appeal lies against it, meaning it cannot be reopened based on new evidence.
Consider the following statements regarding Permanent Lok Adalats for public utility services:
1. A Permanent Lok Adalat consists of a Chairman who is or has been a District Judge or an Additional District Judge, and two other persons having adequate experience in public utility services.
2. The pecuniary jurisdiction of a Permanent Lok Adalat is limited to cases where the value of the property or the claim does not exceed ten lakh rupees.
3. Under the provisions of the Legal Services Authorities Act, the Central Government has the power to increase the pecuniary jurisdiction of Permanent Lok Adalats beyond ten lakh rupees through notification.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as per Section 22B of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, which mandates a Chairman (District/Additional District Judge) and two members with public utility experience. Statement 2 is correct because the Act restricts the pecuniary jurisdiction to cases not exceeding ten lakh rupees. Statement 3 is correct as Section 22C(1) empowers the Central Government to increase this monetary limit via notification, ensuring the framework remains responsive to inflation and evolving legal needs.
Consider the following statements regarding Jurisdiction over compoundable criminal offences:
1. The award made by a Lok Adalat is deemed to be a decree of a civil court and is final and binding on all parties to the dispute.
2. Section 19 of the Legal Services Authorities Act empowers the State Legal Services Authority to organize Lok Adalats at such intervals and places as deemed appropriate.
3. Lok Adalats possess the jurisdiction to determine and arrive at a compromise or settlement between parties in respect of any compoundable criminal offence under the Indian Penal Code.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as per Section 21 of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, which grants Lok Adalat awards the status of a civil court decree, ensuring finality and barring further appeal. Statement 2 is correct because Section 19 mandates State and District Legal Services Authorities to organize these forums at regular intervals to facilitate amicable dispute resolution. Statement 3 is correct as the Act explicitly empowers Lok Adalats to handle cases pending before any court, including compoundable criminal offences under the IPC, provided the parties reach a mutual settlement.
Consider the following statements regarding Powers of civil court vested in Lok Adalats under CPC:
1. The power to initiate criminal contempt proceedings against individuals who disrupt proceedings is vested in Lok Adalats by the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, to ensure order during mediation.
2. Under the 1987 Act, Lok Adalats function as appellate bodies for matters involving property disputes, allowing them to review decisions made by subordinate courts in district jurisdictions.
3. The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, grants Lok Adalats the authority to issue permanent injunctions during the pendency of a case, provided the parties submit a written request to the presiding officer.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because Lok Adalats, established under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, are conciliatory bodies rather than judicial courts. They lack the power to initiate criminal contempt proceedings, do not function as appellate bodies to review subordinate court decisions, and possess no authority to issue permanent injunctions, as their primary mandate is to facilitate amicable settlements between parties rather than adjudicating on merits.
Consider the following statements regarding Permanent Lok Adalats for public utility services:
1. The State Legal Services Authority is responsible for the appointment of the Chairman of a Permanent Lok Adalat, following a recommendation process involving the Chief Justice of the concerned High Court and the Governor of the State.
2. In the event that the parties fail to reach a settlement, the Permanent Lok Adalat is empowered to conduct an adjudicatory proceeding and pass an award based on the principles of natural justice as outlined in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.
3. The Legal Services Authorities (Amendment) Act of 2002 introduced Chapter VI-A to establish Permanent Lok Adalats for public utility services.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct because the Legal Services Authorities (Amendment) Act, 2002, inserted Chapter VI-A to establish Permanent Lok Adalats for public utility services. Statement 1 is incorrect because the Chairman of a Permanent Lok Adalat is appointed by the State Legal Services Authority on the recommendation of the Selection Committee, not the Governor. Statement 2 is incorrect because, while Permanent Lok Adalats have adjudicatory powers if a settlement fails, they are guided by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, and principles of natural justice, not the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.
Consider the following statements regarding Exemption from court fee under Section 21:
1. Section 21 of the Legal Services Authorities Act incorporates the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, which grants the Lok Adalat presiding officer the authority to levy a nominal administrative surcharge on settled disputes.
2. The Supreme Court of India in the case of P.T. Thomas v. Thomas Job (2005) observed that an award of a Lok Adalat is final and binding on all parties to the dispute.
3. Under the provisions of Section 21, the court fee paid in a case referred to a Lok Adalat is refunded to the parties in the manner provided under the Court Fees Act, 1870.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because Section 21 of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, does not grant authority to levy administrative surcharges; instead, it explicitly mandates that no court fee shall be payable when a matter is filed in or referred to a Lok Adalat. Statement 2 is correct as the Supreme Court in P.T. Thomas v. Thomas Job (2005) affirmed that a Lok Adalat award is equivalent to a decree of a civil court, making it final and binding with no provision for appeal. Statement 3 is correct because, under Section 21(2), if a compromise is reached, the court fee originally paid by the parties is refunded in accordance with the Court Fees Act, 1870, or relevant state-specific rules.
Consider the following statements regarding Integration with the e-Courts project and digital Lok Adalats:
1. The Legal Services Authorities (Amendment) Act of 2002 introduced the concept of online dispute resolution for motor accident claims, which are processed through the e-Courts portal using the Aadhaar-based e-Sign facility.
2. The e-Committee of the Supreme Court developed the 'Nyaya Bandhu' mobile application, which allows litigants to track the status of their Lok Adalat cases and receive digital copies of awards signed by the State Governor.
3. The National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG) provides real-time tracking for Lok Adalat settlements, and its data architecture is managed by the Law Commission of India to ensure transparency in case disposal.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the Legal Services Authorities (Amendment) Act, 2002, established Permanent Lok Adalats for public utility services, not online dispute resolution for motor accidents. Statement 2 is incorrect as 'Nyaya Bandhu' is a pro-bono legal services platform, and Lok Adalat awards are signed by the presiding judicial officer, not the State Governor. Statement 3 is incorrect because the NJDG is managed by the e-Committee of the Supreme Court, not the Law Commission of India, and while it tracks case data, it is not the primary architecture for Lok Adalat settlements.
Consider the following statements regarding Enforcement mechanism of Lok Adalat awards:
1. The 1987 Act allows the Chairman of the District Legal Services Authority to modify the terms of a Lok Adalat award if the settlement was reached without the presence of a judicial officer.
2. The Legal Services Authorities (Amendment) Act 2002 introduced provisions for the establishment of Permanent Lok Adalats to deal with cases relating to public utility services.
3. Conciliators in a Lok Adalat function under the administrative control of the High Court, and their decisions regarding the enforcement of awards are subject to periodic audit by the Ministry of Law and Justice.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct because the Legal Services Authorities (Amendment) Act, 2002, introduced Chapter VI-A to establish Permanent Lok Adalats for public utility services. Statement 1 is incorrect because a Lok Adalat award is deemed a decree of a civil court and is final and binding on all parties, leaving no provision for the Chairman of the District Legal Services Authority to modify it. Statement 3 is incorrect because Lok Adalats function under the aegis of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, and their awards are not subject to administrative audit by the Ministry of Law and Justice, as they are judicial settlements.
Consider the following statements regarding Finality of awards and exclusion of appellate review:
1. The Legal Services Authorities Act of 1987 grants the award of a Lok Adalat the status of a civil court decree, which remains binding on all parties involved in the dispute.
2. Section 21(2) of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, clarifies that no court holds the jurisdiction to entertain an appeal against an award passed by a Lok Adalat.
3. In the landmark 2005 State of Punjab v. Jalour Singh judgment, the court held that Lok Adalat awards are treated as compromise decrees, thereby enabling parties to file a suit for setting aside the award in a subordinate court.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statements 1 and 2 are correct as Section 21 of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, grants Lok Adalat awards the status of a civil court decree, making them binding and explicitly barring any appeal against them in a court of law. Statement 3 is incorrect because, while the Supreme Court in State of Punjab v. Jalour Singh (2005) equated these awards to compromise decrees, it clarified that they cannot be challenged by filing a regular suit; instead, a party aggrieved by the award must approach the High Court under Article 226 or 227 of the Constitution, as the remedy of a separate civil suit is excluded.
Consider the following statements regarding Role of retired judicial officers as presiding members:
1. The Legal Services Authorities Act includes provisions for retired judicial officers to preside over Lok Adalats, and these members possess the authority to pass binding decrees that are subject to appeal under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.
2. The NALSA regulations of 1995 encompass the appointment of retired judicial officers to Lok Adalats, and these members receive a monthly honorarium equivalent to the salary of a sitting District Judge during their tenure.
3. The National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) guidelines issued in 2010 clarify that retired judicial officers can preside over both permanent and mobile Lok Adalats.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct as NALSA guidelines facilitate the deployment of retired judicial officers in both permanent and mobile Lok Adalats to ensure efficient dispute resolution. Statement 1 is incorrect because, under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, awards passed by Lok Adalats are deemed decrees of a civil court and are final, meaning they are not subject to appeal. Statement 2 is incorrect because while retired judicial officers are eligible for appointment, they receive a daily sitting fee or honorarium as prescribed by State Legal Services Authorities, not a monthly salary equivalent to a sitting District Judge.
Consider the following statements regarding Enforcement mechanism of Lok Adalat awards:
1. The National Legal Services Authority established in 1995 provides the procedural framework for Lok Adalats to refer unresolved matters directly to the Supreme Court for final adjudication.
2. Permanent Lok Adalats are authorized to adjudicate disputes where the value of the property in question exceeds 50 lakh rupees, provided the parties submit a joint application for arbitration.
3. State Legal Services Authorities are empowered under the 1987 Act to review the merits of a settled award if a party files a petition within 90 days of the settlement date.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because an award of a Lok Adalat is deemed to be a decree of a civil court, is final and binding on all parties, and no appeal lies against it to any court. Statement 1 is false as Lok Adalats do not refer matters to the Supreme Court for adjudication; Statement 2 is false because Permanent Lok Adalats have jurisdiction over public utility services regardless of the property value, and they decide on merits if conciliation fails; Statement 3 is false because the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, does not grant State Legal Services Authorities the power to review or set aside a settled award.
Consider the following statements regarding Role of National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) in organizing:
1. Permanent Lok Adalats are established under Section 22B of the Legal Services Authorities Act to deal with cases relating to public utility services.
2. Awards passed by a Lok Adalat are deemed to be a decree of a civil court and are final and binding on all parties to the dispute.
3. The first Lok Adalat camp in the post-independence era was organized in Gujarat in 1982 to facilitate the amicable settlement of pending litigation.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the Legal Services Authorities (Amendment) Act, 2002, introduced Section 22B to establish Permanent Lok Adalats for public utility services. Statement 2 is correct because, under Section 21 of the Act, every award of a Lok Adalat is treated as a civil court decree, making it final and binding with no provision for appeal. Statement 3 is correct as the modern Lok Adalat movement originated in Gujarat in 1982, later gaining statutory status through the 1987 Act to provide affordable and speedy justice.
Consider the following statements regarding Integration with the e-Courts project and digital Lok Adalats:
1. The 2021 amendment to the Legal Services Authorities Rules provides for the creation of a permanent digital repository of Lok Adalat awards, which are authenticated by the District Magistrate in each jurisdiction.
2. The e-Courts Mission Mode Project, launched in 2007, incorporates provisions for the Supreme Court to preside over Lok Adalats, which are then broadcast via the Integrated Case Management Information System.
3. The Legal Services Authorities Act of 1987 established the National Lok Adalat portal, which functions under the administrative control of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, does not mandate District Magistrate authentication for awards, nor does it establish a Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology-controlled portal. Furthermore, the e-Courts Mission Mode Project (launched in 2007) focuses on ICT infrastructure for judicial administration rather than enabling Supreme Court-presided Lok Adalats via the Integrated Case Management Information System. Lok Adalats are organized by Legal Services Authorities under the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA), and their awards are deemed civil court decrees, not requiring the specific administrative or digital frameworks described in the statements.
Consider the following statements regarding Limitations on Lok Adalat jurisdiction over non-compoundable offences:
1. The Supreme Court of India in the case of P.T. Thomas v. Thomas Job (2005) observed that the award of a Lok Adalat is equivalent to a decree of a Civil Court.
2. The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, identifies non-compoundable offences in Section 320, and the 2002 Amendment Act permits Lok Adalats to mediate these specific cases if the presiding officer holds the rank of a District Judge.
3. The Legal Services Authorities (Amendment) Act of 2002 introduced Permanent Lok Adalats for public utility services, and these bodies possess the authority to adjudicate non-compoundable criminal matters if the dispute value exceeds ten lakh rupees.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct because the Supreme Court in P.T. Thomas v. Thomas Job (2005) affirmed that a Lok Adalat award is final and binding, treated as a civil court decree under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987. Statement 2 is incorrect because Lok Adalats have no jurisdiction over non-compoundable offences, which cannot be settled through mediation regardless of the presiding officer's rank. Statement 3 is incorrect because while Permanent Lok Adalats were established for public utility services, their jurisdiction is strictly limited to civil disputes and does not extend to adjudicating criminal matters.
Consider the following statements regarding Statutory backing under Legal Services Authorities Act 1987:
1. The Legal Services Authorities Act was enacted in 1987 to provide free and competent legal services to the weaker sections of society.
2. Under the 1987 Act, the presiding officer of a Lok Adalat is empowered to decide cases based on the principles of natural justice, and such decisions are subject to judicial review by the High Court under Article 226.
3. The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 provides for the appointment of the Chief Justice of India as the ex-officio Patron-in-Chief of the Supreme Court Legal Services Committee, which oversees the functioning of Lok Adalats at the national level.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 was enacted to fulfill the constitutional mandate under Article 39A to provide free legal aid. Statement 2 is incorrect because an award of the Lok Adalat is deemed to be a decree of a civil court and is final and binding on all parties, with no provision for an appeal or judicial review against such an award. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Chief Justice of India is the Patron-in-Chief of the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA), not the Supreme Court Legal Services Committee, which is headed by a sitting judge of the Supreme Court.
Consider the following statements regarding Role of para-legal volunteers in case facilitation:
1. The training module for Para-Legal Volunteers includes specific modules on the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, and the procedural nuances of conducting Lok Adalats.
2. Under the NALSA (Para-Legal Volunteers) Scheme, 2009, volunteers are tasked with identifying potential cases suitable for Lok Adalats and assisting litigants in the pre-litigation stage.
3. Para-Legal Volunteers are often selected from diverse backgrounds, including retired government servants, teachers, and social workers, and they operate under the supervision of the District Legal Services Authority.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
All three statements are correct as the NALSA (Para-Legal Volunteers) Scheme, 2009, mandates comprehensive training on the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, to equip volunteers with the legal knowledge necessary for facilitating Lok Adalats. Volunteers act as a bridge between the legal system and the public by identifying pre-litigation disputes suitable for alternative dispute resolution and assisting litigants in navigating the process. Furthermore, the scheme promotes a diverse volunteer base, including teachers, social workers, and retired personnel, who function under the direct administrative supervision and guidance of the District Legal Services Authority (DLSA).
Consider the following statements regarding Statutory backing under Legal Services Authorities Act 1987:
1. Section 19 of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 empowers State Authorities or District Authorities to organize Lok Adalats at such intervals and places as deemed fit.
2. The award passed by a Lok Adalat is deemed to be a decree of a civil court and is final and binding on all parties to the dispute.
3. No appeal lies to any court against the award passed by a Lok Adalat under the provisions of the 1987 Act.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
All three statements are correct under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987. Section 19 provides the statutory mandate for State and District Legal Services Authorities to organize Lok Adalats to facilitate amicable settlements. Furthermore, under Section 21, an award of a Lok Adalat is legally treated as a civil court decree, making it final and binding, which inherently precludes any provision for an appeal against such an award in any court of law.
Consider the following statements regarding Enforcement mechanism of Lok Adalat awards:
1. The award passed by a Lok Adalat is final and binding on all parties to the dispute, and no appeal lies to any court against the award.
2. The Code of Civil Procedure 1908 governs the execution of Lok Adalat awards, and the presiding officer of the Lok Adalat holds the power to initiate contempt proceedings for non-compliance.
3. Under Section 21 of the Legal Services Authorities Act 1987, every award of a Lok Adalat is deemed to be a decree of a civil court.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statements 1 and 3 are correct because under Section 21 of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, a Lok Adalat award is legally deemed a civil court decree, making it final, binding, and immune to appeals. Statement 2 is incorrect because while the award is executed as a civil decree, the Lok Adalat itself does not possess the judicial authority to initiate contempt proceedings for non-compliance; such enforcement must be pursued through the appropriate civil court.
Consider the following statements regarding Powers of civil court vested in Lok Adalats under CPC:
1. Under Section 22(3) of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, a Lok Adalat possesses the same powers as are vested in a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, while trying a suit.
2. Lok Adalats are empowered to receive evidence on affidavits, a procedural authority derived from the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, to facilitate the settlement of disputes.
3. The power to summon and enforce the attendance of any witness and examine them on oath is specifically conferred upon the Lok Adalat under the provisions of the 1987 Act.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Under Section 22(3) of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, Lok Adalats are explicitly vested with the same powers as a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure (CPC), 1908, specifically regarding summoning witnesses, enforcing attendance, examining them on oath, and receiving evidence on affidavits. These procedural powers are designed to ensure that Lok Adalats can effectively adjudicate and facilitate settlements with the same legal authority as formal civil courts. Since all three statements accurately reflect these statutory provisions, all of them are correct.
Consider the following statements regarding Voluntary nature of settlement and party consent:
1. The Legal Services Authorities Act of 1987 provides the statutory basis for the establishment of Lok Adalats to facilitate the amicable resolution of disputes.
2. Under Section 20 of the Legal Services Authorities Act, a case pending in a court can be referred to a Lok Adalat if both parties to the dispute make a joint application.
3. The 1987 Legal Services Authorities Act allows for the referral of criminal non-compoundable offences to Lok Adalats, and the resulting settlement is recorded by the presiding judicial officer under Section 21 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, provides the statutory framework for Lok Adalats to provide free legal aid and settle disputes amicably. Statement 2 is correct because, under Section 20, a court can refer a case to a Lok Adalat if both parties agree or if one party makes an application and the court is satisfied that there is a chance of settlement. Statement 3 is incorrect because Lok Adalats have no jurisdiction over non-compoundable offences; they can only settle compoundable criminal offences as per the law.
Consider the following statements regarding Role of para-legal volunteers in case facilitation:
1. The National Legal Services Authority established the Para-Legal Volunteers program following the Supreme Court judgment in the 1995 Legal Aid Committee case, which defined the role of volunteers in ADR mechanisms.
2. The selection criteria for Para-Legal Volunteers, as per the 2009 notification, include a minimum requirement of a bachelor's degree in law and three years of experience in the judiciary.
3. Para-Legal Volunteers are empowered under the 1987 Act to pass binding awards in Lok Adalats if the parties reach a settlement during the pre-litigation counseling phase.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because the Para-Legal Volunteer (PLV) scheme was launched by NALSA in 2009 to reach the grassroots, not based on a 1995 Supreme Court judgment. PLVs do not require a law degree or judicial experience; they are selected from diverse backgrounds like teachers, social workers, and students to act as bridges between the public and Legal Services Institutions. Furthermore, PLVs are facilitators who assist in pre-litigation counseling and awareness, but they possess no legal authority to pass binding awards in Lok Adalats, a power exclusively reserved for the presiding members of the Lok Adalat bench under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987.
Consider the following statements regarding Scope of Lok Adalats in matrimonial and family disputes:
1. The Family Courts Act of 1984 establishes the National Legal Services Authority as the primary appellate body for reviewing settlements reached during Lok Adalat proceedings in divorce cases.
2. The 2002 Amendment to the Legal Services Authorities Act introduced a provision allowing Lok Adalats to grant unilateral decrees of divorce in instances where one spouse fails to attend three consecutive sessions.
3. Under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, Lok Adalats function as permanent judicial tribunals with the authority to initiate criminal prosecution against parties who withdraw from a signed matrimonial settlement.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because Lok Adalats operate on the principle of voluntary conciliation and lack the authority to pass unilateral decrees or act as appellate bodies. Statement 1 is false as the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 governs Lok Adalats, and their awards are final and binding with no provision for appeal; Statement 2 is false because Lok Adalats cannot grant divorce decrees unilaterally as they require mutual consent; and Statement 3 is false because Lok Adalats are not permanent judicial tribunals, and they lack the power to initiate criminal prosecution for breach of settlement.
Consider the following statements regarding Role of National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) in organizing:
1. The National Legal Services Authority releases annual grants to State Legal Services Authorities, which are audited by the Comptroller and Auditor General under the provisions of the 1994 Rules.
2. The Legal Services Authorities Act of 1987 provides the statutory foundation for the establishment of Lok Adalats across India.
3. The Legal Services Authorities Act was amended in 2002 to introduce Permanent Lok Adalats, which function under the administrative supervision of the Ministry of Law and Justice.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct as the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, provides the statutory framework for Lok Adalats to provide free legal aid and settle disputes amicably. Statement 1 is incorrect because, while NALSA releases grants, the accounts are audited by the Comptroller and Auditor General as per the National Legal Services Authority Rules, 1995, not 1994. Statement 3 is incorrect because the 2002 amendment introduced Permanent Lok Adalats, but they function under the Legal Services Authorities (State/District/Supreme Court) and not directly under the administrative supervision of the Ministry of Law and Justice.
Consider the following statements regarding Inclusion of motor accident claim tribunal (MACT) cases:
1. The 2002 Amendment to the Legal Services Authorities Act shifted the responsibility of MACT case adjudication from the judiciary to the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.
2. The Legal Services Authorities Act of 1987 provides the statutory basis for Lok Adalats to exercise jurisdiction over cases pending before Motor Accident Claim Tribunals.
3. Under the National Legal Services Authority guidelines, Lok Adalats are empowered to settle motor accident compensation claims through a process of conciliation and compromise.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the 2002 Amendment to the Legal Services Authorities Act did not transfer MACT jurisdiction to the Ministry of Road Transport; instead, it gave Lok Adalats statutory recognition to settle pending court cases, including MACT matters. Statement 2 is correct as the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, provides the legal framework for Lok Adalats to resolve disputes, including those under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988. Statement 3 is correct because NALSA guidelines empower Lok Adalats to facilitate amicable settlements in MACT cases through conciliation and compromise, ensuring speedy justice without the procedural rigors of regular courts.
Consider the following statements regarding Jurisdiction over compoundable criminal offences:
1. Lok Adalats are empowered to adjudicate upon matters relating to matrimonial disputes and inheritance, and they follow the Indian Evidence Act of 1872 to ensure the admissibility of witness testimony.
2. The 2002 Amendment to the Legal Services Authorities Act introduced the concept of Permanent Lok Adalats for public utility services, which hold original jurisdiction over all pending criminal trials in district courts.
3. The District Legal Services Authority is chaired by the District Judge, and it holds the authority to revise the settlement awards passed by Lok Adalats if a party files an appeal within thirty days.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because Lok Adalats are guided by principles of justice, equity, and fair play, and are not strictly bound by the Indian Evidence Act or the Code of Civil Procedure. Statement 2 is incorrect because Permanent Lok Adalats deal exclusively with public utility services and do not have jurisdiction over pending criminal trials, which are only compoundable in regular Lok Adalats. Statement 3 is incorrect because an award passed by a Lok Adalat is deemed to be a decree of a civil court and is final and binding on all parties, with no provision for appeal against such an award.
Consider the following statements regarding Powers of civil court vested in Lok Adalats under CPC:
1. The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, provides for the appointment of retired Supreme Court judges as chairpersons of Taluk-level Lok Adalats to oversee the execution of civil court decrees.
2. The requisitioning of any public record or document from any court or office is a power vested in the Lok Adalat under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987.
3. Lok Adalats are authorized to pass ex-parte decrees in civil suits when the defendant fails to appear after the third consecutive notice issued under the 1987 regulatory framework.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct because under Section 22 of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, Lok Adalats are vested with the same powers as a civil court, including the power to requisition any public record or document from any court or office. Statement 1 is incorrect because the Act stipulates that a sitting or retired judicial officer, not necessarily a Supreme Court judge, serves as the chairperson of a Taluk-level Lok Adalat. Statement 3 is incorrect because Lok Adalats function on the principle of compromise and settlement; they lack the authority to pass ex-parte decrees, as all proceedings require the consent of the parties involved.
Consider the following statements regarding Exemption from court fee under Section 21:
1. The Arbitration and Conciliation Act of 1996 governs the refund of court fees for cases settled in Lok Adalats, and this mechanism operates independently of the state-level court fee schedules.
2. The Legal Services Authorities Act of 1987 provides the statutory framework for the establishment and functioning of Lok Adalats across India.
3. Section 21 of the Legal Services Authorities Act specifies that a Lok Adalat award is deemed to be a decree of a civil court.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 2 and 3 are correct as the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, provides the statutory basis for Lok Adalats and mandates under Section 21 that every award made by a Lok Adalat shall be deemed to be a decree of a civil court. Statement 1 is incorrect because the refund of court fees for cases settled in Lok Adalats is governed by the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, and relevant state-specific court fee rules, not the Arbitration and Conciliation Act of 1996.
Consider the following statements regarding Mandatory pre-litigation conciliation mechanism:
1. The Legal Services Authorities Act of 1987 provides the statutory basis for Lok Adalats to function as a permanent mechanism for dispute resolution.
2. The Legal Services Authorities Act of 1987 encompasses the functioning of Lok Adalats, and the 2002 amendment introduced the provision for pre-litigation conciliation in public utility services.
3. The 1987 Act includes provisions for the establishment of Permanent Lok Adalats in every district, and the first such body was inaugurated in Delhi under the 1995 NALSA guidelines.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, provides the statutory foundation for Lok Adalats to function as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism. Statement 2 is incorrect because the 2002 amendment introduced Permanent Lok Adalats specifically for 'Public Utility Services,' not general pre-litigation conciliation for all matters. Statement 3 is incorrect because Permanent Lok Adalats were established under the 2002 amendment, not the 1995 NALSA guidelines, and they are not mandatory in every district as they function based on the notification of the Central or State Authority.
Consider the following statements regarding Time-bound disposal mandates for pending cases:
1. State Legal Services Authorities are empowered to conduct Lok Adalats for matrimonial disputes, and these proceedings follow the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1973 for evidence recording.
2. The 2002 amendment introduced the concept of e-Lok Adalats, which operate under the administrative control of the Ministry of Law and Justice to resolve pending criminal appeals.
3. The 1987 Act establishes the Supreme Court Legal Services Committee to oversee district-level Lok Adalats, which handle cases involving property disputes exceeding five lakh rupees.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because Lok Adalats are governed by the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, which specifies that they are not bound by the Code of Civil Procedure or the Indian Evidence Act, let alone the CrPC for evidence. Furthermore, e-Lok Adalats were introduced by the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) to leverage technology, not by a 2002 legislative amendment, and they function under the judicial oversight of the judiciary rather than the Ministry of Law and Justice. Finally, the Supreme Court Legal Services Committee is mandated to oversee legal services for the Supreme Court, while district-level Lok Adalats are managed by District Legal Services Authorities (DLSA), and there is no statutory provision restricting their jurisdiction based on a property value threshold of five lakh rupees.
Consider the following statements regarding Time-bound disposal mandates for pending cases:
1. An award passed by a Lok Adalat is deemed to be a decree of a civil court and is final and binding on all parties to the dispute.
2. The Legal Services Authorities Rules of 1995 define the honorarium for presiding officers of Lok Adalats, who are appointed by the President of India for a fixed three-year term.
3. The Permanent Lok Adalats, established under the 2002 amendment, have jurisdiction over public utility services such as transport, postal, and telegraph services.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as per Section 21 of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, which grants Lok Adalat awards the status of a civil court decree, making them final and non-appealable. Statement 3 is correct because the 2002 Amendment Act introduced Permanent Lok Adalats specifically to adjudicate disputes concerning public utility services like transport, postal, and telegraph. Statement 2 is incorrect because presiding officers of Lok Adalats are appointed by the Chairman of the concerned Legal Services Authority (such as the State or District Legal Services Authority), not the President of India.
Consider the following statements regarding Mandatory pre-litigation conciliation mechanism:
1. The Legal Services Authorities Act of 1987 refers to the role of the State Legal Services Authority, which coordinates the functioning of Lok Adalats and facilitates the appointment of judicial officers as chairpersons.
2. Under the 2002 amendment to the Legal Services Authorities Act, the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) gained the power to frame regulations for the conduct of pre-litigation conciliation.
3. The Supreme Court in the 2014 judgment of 'State of Punjab vs. Jalour Singh' clarified that a Lok Adalat award is equivalent to a decree of a civil court and is final and binding on all parties.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because, under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, the chairperson of a Lok Adalat is typically a sitting or retired judicial officer, but the Act does not mandate the State Legal Services Authority to facilitate these appointments in the manner described. Statement 2 is correct as the 2002 amendment empowered the Central Authority (NALSA) to frame regulations for the conduct of pre-litigation conciliation and settlement. Statement 3 is correct because the Supreme Court in 'State of Punjab vs. Jalour Singh (2008)'-often cited in 2014 contexts-affirmed that a Lok Adalat award is deemed a decree of a civil court, making it final and non-appealable.
Consider the following statements regarding Role of retired judicial officers as presiding members:
1. Section 19 of the Legal Services Authorities Act specifies that a person shall be eligible to be a member of a Lok Adalat if they are a retired judicial officer.
2. The 1987 Act provides for the appointment of retired judicial officers by the Chief Justice of India, and these members hold office for a fixed term of five years as per the 2002 amendment.
3. The Legal Services Authorities Act of 1987 empowers the State Legal Services Authority to appoint retired judicial officers as presiding members of Lok Adalats.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 1 and 3 are correct because Section 19 of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, empowers the State Legal Services Authority (SLSA) or District Legal Services Authority (DLSA) to appoint persons, including retired judicial officers, to preside over Lok Adalats. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Act does not vest the power of appointment in the Chief Justice of India, nor does it prescribe a fixed five-year term for these members; instead, their appointment is governed by the regulations framed by the respective State Authorities.
Consider the following statements regarding Finality of awards and exclusion of appellate review:
1. The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, governs the execution of Lok Adalat awards, and Section 96 of the same code permits a first appeal to the District Judge if the award amount exceeds five lakh rupees.
2. The Legal Services Authorities (Amendment) Act of 2002 introduced the concept of Permanent Lok Adalats, which function under the Public Utility Services framework and allow for a revision petition to the State High Court.
3. The 1987 Act establishes the Lok Adalat as a permanent judicial body, and the Supreme Court in the 1994 P.T. Thomas case confirmed that such awards undergo a mandatory de novo review process.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, mandates that every award of a Lok Adalat is final and binding on all parties, with no provision for appeal to any court. Statement 1 is false as the Act deems the award a civil court decree, and Section 96 of the CPC does not apply since no appeal lies against a consent-based award. Statement 2 is incorrect because Permanent Lok Adalats also issue final awards that cannot be challenged via revision petitions, and Statement 3 is false as Lok Adalats are not permanent judicial bodies, and the P.T. Thomas v. Bishen Singh (2009) case explicitly affirmed that no appeal lies against a Lok Adalat award.
Consider the following statements regarding Permanent Lok Adalats for public utility services:
1. Public utility services under the Act include transport services by air, road, or water, and the postal, telegraph, or telephone services as defined in the Indian Post Office Act of 1898.
2. The award made by a Permanent Lok Adalat is considered a decree of a Civil Court, and it is subject to appeal before the High Court within a period of sixty days from the date of the order.
3. The Permanent Lok Adalat functions under the administrative control of the Supreme Court Legal Services Committee, which was established by the 1987 Act to oversee regional dispute resolution.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, defines public utility services to include transport, postal, telegraph, or telephone services, but the Act specifically references the Indian Post Office Act, 1898, for postal services, yet the broader list includes services like electricity, water, and hospital services. Statement 2 is incorrect because while an award of a Permanent Lok Adalat is deemed a decree of a Civil Court, it is final and binding on the parties, and the Act does not provide for an appeal against such an award. Statement 3 is incorrect because Permanent Lok Adalats function under the authority of the State Legal Services Authorities or District Legal Services Authorities, not the Supreme Court Legal Services Committee, which is tasked with providing legal services for cases before the Supreme Court.
Consider the following statements regarding Inclusion of motor accident claim tribunal (MACT) cases:
1. The National Lok Adalat held in 2013 introduced a mandatory arbitration clause for MACT cases, which allows claimants to bypass the appellate jurisdiction of the High Courts.
2. The Lok Adalat settlement process for motor accident claims is governed by the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, which allows for the waiver of court fees upon reaching a settlement.
3. The Supreme Court of India in the case of State of Punjab vs. Jalour Singh (2008) clarified that a Lok Adalat award is equivalent to a decree of a civil court.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct because the Supreme Court in State of Punjab vs. Jalour Singh (2008) affirmed that a Lok Adalat award is final, binding, and executable as a decree of a civil court under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987. Statement 1 is incorrect as there is no such mandatory arbitration clause introduced in 2013 that allows bypassing the High Court's appellate jurisdiction; Lok Adalat awards are generally non-appealable by mutual consent. Statement 2 is incorrect because Lok Adalats are governed by the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, and the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, not the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.
Consider the following statements regarding Legal status of Lok Adalat awards as civil court decrees:
1. Permanent Lok Adalats are empowered to adjudicate disputes where the value of the property exceeds ten lakh rupees, provided the parties submit a joint application under the 1987 Act.
2. The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, provides the procedural framework for Lok Adalats, and under Order XXI, the execution of these awards is handled by the High Court.
3. The National Legal Services Authority was established in 1995 to oversee Lok Adalats, and its chairperson is the President of India, who holds the authority to review awards.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because Permanent Lok Adalats deal with public utility services regardless of property value, and they cannot adjudicate disputes where the matter is pending before any court. Statement 2 is incorrect as the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, deems every award of a Lok Adalat as a decree of a civil court, which is final and binding, and its execution is handled by civil courts, not the High Court. Statement 3 is incorrect because the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) is chaired by the Chief Justice of India, and no authority, including the President, has the power to review a Lok Adalat award as it is considered final.
Consider the following statements regarding Exemption from court fee under Section 21:
1. Article 39A of the Constitution of India directs the State to ensure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity for all citizens.
2. Rule 22 of the National Legal Services Authority (Lok Adalats) Regulations, 2009, details the procedure for the refund of court fees upon the settlement of a dispute.
3. The Legal Services Authorities (Amendment) Act, 2002, introduced provisions for the establishment of Permanent Lok Adalats to deal with cases relating to public utility services.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as Article 39A, inserted by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, mandates the State to provide free legal aid to ensure equal justice. Statement 2 is correct because Rule 22 of the 2009 Regulations explicitly mandates the refund of court fees paid by parties when a matter is settled through Lok Adalats, as per Section 21 of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987. Statement 3 is correct because the 2002 Amendment Act inserted Chapter VI-A into the parent Act, formally establishing Permanent Lok Adalats to adjudicate disputes concerning public utility services like transport, postal, or hospital services.
Consider the following statements regarding Time-bound disposal mandates for pending cases:
1. The National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) organizes Lok Adalats at regular intervals, with the first National Lok Adalat held in 2013 across various states.
2. Under Section 20 of the 1987 Act, a court may refer a pending case to a Lok Adalat if both parties agree to settle the dispute through conciliation.
3. The Legal Services Authorities Act of 1987 provides the statutory foundation for Lok Adalats to function as alternative dispute resolution forums.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as NALSA, constituted under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, initiated the first National Lok Adalat in 2013 to reduce judicial pendency. Statement 2 is correct because Section 20 of the Act mandates that a court can refer a case to Lok Adalat if both parties consent or if one party makes an application and the court is satisfied that there is a chance of settlement. Statement 3 is correct as the 1987 Act provides the statutory framework, giving Lok Adalat awards the status of a civil court decree which is final and binding, with no provision for appeal.
Consider the following statements regarding Scope of Lok Adalats in matrimonial and family disputes:
1. The Permanent Lok Adalats established under the 2002 Amendment possess the jurisdiction to adjudicate upon contested matrimonial disputes involving property partition even when one party objects to the conciliation process.
2. The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, incorporates a clause that directs all pending matrimonial petitions to be transferred to a Lok Adalat for mandatory conciliation before the commencement of trial in a district court.
3. State Legal Services Authorities operate under the guidelines of the 1995 National Policy on Dispute Resolution, which grants Lok Adalats the power to override existing personal laws regarding child custody during mediation.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All statements are incorrect because Permanent Lok Adalats under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, lack jurisdiction over non-compoundable criminal cases and matters where parties do not consent to conciliation, as they function primarily on the principle of voluntary settlement. There is no provision in the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, that mandates the transfer of all matrimonial petitions to Lok Adalats; instead, Section 23(2) encourages courts to make efforts for reconciliation, which is distinct from mandatory Lok Adalat referral. Furthermore, Lok Adalats have no authority to override personal laws regarding child custody, as they are bound by the substantive laws governing the parties and function only as facilitators for amicable settlements rather than adjudicatory bodies.
Consider the following statements regarding Role of National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) in organizing:
1. The National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) was constituted under the 1987 Act to monitor and evaluate the implementation of legal aid programs.
2. The Chief Justice of India serves as the Patron-in-Chief of the National Legal Services Authority as per the administrative framework of the organization.
3. Lok Adalats possess the powers of a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, while trying a suit in respect of summoning and enforcing attendance.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as NALSA was established under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, to provide free legal services to weaker sections and organize Lok Adalats. Statement 2 is correct because the Chief Justice of India acts as the Patron-in-Chief, while the senior-most Judge of the Supreme Court serves as the Executive Chairman. Statement 3 is correct as Section 22 of the 1987 Act grants Lok Adalats the powers of a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, specifically for summoning witnesses, enforcing attendance, and examining them on oath.
Consider the following statements regarding Voluntary nature of settlement and party consent:
1. The National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) was constituted in 1995 to oversee the implementation of legal aid programs and the functioning of Lok Adalats across India.
2. Lok Adalats are empowered to resolve matters related to motor accident claims, matrimonial disputes, and partition suits through mutual consent of the parties involved.
3. The award passed by a Lok Adalat is deemed to be a decree of a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as NALSA was constituted under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, which came into force on 9 November 1995. Statement 2 is correct because Lok Adalats operate on the principle of 'mutual consent' and are specifically empowered to handle various civil and compoundable criminal disputes, including motor accident claims and family matters. Statement 3 is correct because, under Section 21 of the Legal Services Authorities Act, every award of a Lok Adalat is final and binding, treated as a civil court decree, and is not appealable in any court.
Consider the following statements regarding Role of para-legal volunteers in case facilitation:
1. The Para-Legal Volunteers (PLV) scheme was introduced by the National Legal Services Authority in 2009 to bridge the gap between the legal services institutions and the marginalized sections of society.
2. The Para-Legal Volunteers scheme is governed by the Legal Services Authorities (Amendment) Act of 2002, which provides for the formal appointment of volunteers as presiding officers in permanent Lok Adalats.
3. The 2009 NALSA guidelines allow Para-Legal Volunteers to issue summons to parties in civil disputes, provided the District Legal Services Authority has verified the pending case status.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as NALSA launched the PLV scheme in 2009 to act as intermediaries between legal institutions and the underprivileged. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, governs these institutions, and PLVs serve as facilitators, not as presiding officers, who must be judicial officers. Statement 3 is incorrect because PLVs are strictly prohibited from exercising any judicial or quasi-judicial powers, such as issuing summons, as their role is limited to legal awareness, counseling, and assisting in the filing of applications.
Consider the following statements regarding Difference between Lok Adalats and regular judicial proceedings:
1. The Legal Services Authorities Act of 1987 provides the statutory basis for the organization of Lok Adalats to settle disputes through conciliation.
2. The 1987 Act allows the presiding officer of a Lok Adalat to conduct an adversarial trial if the parties fail to reach a settlement within 30 days.
3. Awards passed by a Lok Adalat are deemed to be a decree of a civil court and are final and binding on all parties to the dispute.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, provides the statutory framework for Lok Adalats to function as alternative dispute resolution forums based on conciliation and compromise. Statement 3 is correct because under Section 21 of the Act, an award of a Lok Adalat is deemed a decree of a civil court, making it final and binding, with no provision for appeal. Statement 2 is incorrect because Lok Adalats do not conduct adversarial trials; if parties fail to reach a settlement, the case is returned to the regular court for adjudication, and the Lok Adalat lacks the jurisdiction to impose a verdict.
Consider the following statements regarding Inclusion of motor accident claim tribunal (MACT) cases:
1. The Motor Vehicles Act of 1939 established the first Lok Adalats to address traffic-related litigation before the formal introduction of the 1987 Legal Services framework.
2. Section 21 of the Legal Services Authorities Act grants the District Magistrate the authority to preside over Lok Adalats when MACT cases involve government-owned transport vehicles.
3. The High Court of Delhi introduced the concept of permanent Lok Adalats for MACT cases in 1995, which was subsequently adopted by the Law Commission in its 114th report.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because the first Lok Adalat was held in 1982 in Gujarat, not under the 1939 Act, and the Legal Services Authorities Act of 1987 provides the statutory framework for all Lok Adalats. Section 21 of the Act specifies that a Lok Adalat is presided over by a sitting or retired judicial officer, not the District Magistrate, and awards made by them are deemed decrees of a civil court. Furthermore, the concept of Permanent Lok Adalats was introduced via the 2002 Amendment to the Legal Services Authorities Act, not by the Delhi High Court in 1995, and the 114th Law Commission report (1986) predates these specific institutional developments.
Consider the following statements regarding Limitations on Lok Adalat jurisdiction over non-compoundable offences:
1. The Legal Services Authorities Act of 1987 provides the statutory framework for the establishment of Lok Adalats to facilitate the settlement of disputes.
2. Section 19 of the Legal Services Authorities Act specifies that Lok Adalats possess the same powers as are vested in a Civil Court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.
3. Non-compoundable offences under the Indian Penal Code, 1860, remain outside the jurisdiction of Lok Adalats as they involve public interest and state prosecution.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, was enacted to give statutory status to Lok Adalats to provide free legal aid and ensure justice is not denied due to economic disabilities. Statement 2 is correct because Section 22 of the Act grants Lok Adalats the powers of a Civil Court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, specifically regarding summoning witnesses, enforcing attendance, and receiving evidence. Statement 3 is correct because Lok Adalats can only settle compoundable offences; non-compoundable offences involve serious public interest and state prosecution, thus falling outside the scope of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms.
Consider the following statements regarding Role of retired judicial officers as presiding members:
1. Under the provisions of the 1987 Act, the presiding officer of a Lok Adalat functions with the same powers as a civil court while determining a matter at the stage of conciliation.
2. Data from the 2022-23 NALSA annual report indicates that retired judicial officers presided over approximately 65 percent of the cases settled in National Lok Adalats.
3. The 2009 amendments to the Legal Services Authorities Rules introduced specific criteria for the selection of retired judicial officers based on their years of experience in subordinate courts.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as Section 22 of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, grants Lok Adalats the powers of a civil court under the CPC, 1908, while trying a suit. Statement 2 is correct because NALSA's 2022-23 annual report highlights that retired judicial officers constitute the majority of presiding members, facilitating the settlement of a significant portion of cases. Statement 3 is correct as the 2009 amendments to the Legal Services Authorities Rules formalized the eligibility criteria for presiding members, mandating specific judicial experience in subordinate courts to ensure expertise in dispute resolution.
Consider the following statements regarding Statutory backing under Legal Services Authorities Act 1987:
1. The Lok Adalat has the same powers as are vested in a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, while trying a suit in respect of summoning and enforcing the attendance of any witness.
2. Permanent Lok Adalats were established under the 2002 Amendment to the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 to deal with cases relating to public utility services.
3. The National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) was constituted under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 to monitor and evaluate the implementation of legal aid programs.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as Section 22 of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 empowers Lok Adalats with the same powers as a civil court under the CPC, 1908, including summoning witnesses and receiving evidence. Statement 2 is correct because the 2002 Amendment introduced Chapter VI-A to the Act, specifically establishing Permanent Lok Adalats to resolve disputes concerning public utility services like transport, postal, or hospital services. Statement 3 is correct as NALSA was established under the 1987 Act to fulfill the constitutional mandate of Article 39A by providing free legal aid and monitoring legal service programs nationwide.
Consider the following statements regarding Principles of natural justice in conciliation processes:
1. The Lok Adalat conciliation process is governed by the Indian Evidence Act of 1872, which permits the admission of hearsay testimony if the presiding officer determines it aids in the speedy resolution of family disputes.
2. The award passed by a Lok Adalat is deemed to be a decree of a civil court under Section 21 of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, and is final and binding on all parties to the dispute.
3. Under the 1987 Act, the Lok Adalat functions as a quasi-judicial body that maintains a record of proceedings in a manner similar to the High Court, and it provides for an appeal process to the District Court within ninety days of the award.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct because under Section 21 of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, a Lok Adalat award is legally treated as a civil court decree and is final and binding, precluding any further appeal. Statement 1 is incorrect as Lok Adalats are not bound by the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, or the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, but are guided by principles of natural justice and equity. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Act explicitly states that no appeal shall lie to any court against the award of a Lok Adalat, and it does not function as a formal quasi-judicial body requiring High Court-style records.
Consider the following statements regarding Voluntary nature of settlement and party consent:
1. Permanent Lok Adalats, established under the 2002 amendment to the Act, handle cases specifically related to public utility services such as transport, postal, and telegraph services.
2. The decision of a Lok Adalat is final and binding on all parties to the dispute, and no appeal lies against such an award before any court of law.
3. The 1987 Act allows for the refund of court fees originally paid by the parties if a settlement is reached through the intervention of a Lok Adalat.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the Legal Services Authorities (Amendment) Act, 2002, introduced Permanent Lok Adalats to adjudicate disputes concerning public utility services like transport, postal, and telegraph. Statement 2 is correct because, under Section 21 of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, the award of a Lok Adalat is deemed a decree of a civil court and is final and binding, barring any appeal. Statement 3 is correct because Section 21(2) of the 1987 Act mandates the refund of court fees paid by parties in accordance with the Court Fees Act when a matter is settled at a Lok Adalat.
Consider the following statements regarding Principles of natural justice in conciliation processes:
1. Section 20 of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, empowers the Lok Adalat to settle disputes even if the matter is not yet pending before a court of law, provided it falls under the jurisdiction of the Legal Services Authority.
2. The Legal Services Authorities Act of 1987 allows for the inclusion of non-legal professionals as members of the Lok Adalat, provided they have at least fifteen years of experience in social work as certified by the State Legal Services Authority.
3. The Legal Services Authorities Act of 1987 provides the statutory basis for Lok Adalats to exercise the same powers as a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as Section 20 of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, permits Lok Adalats to take cognizance of cases pending in court or pre-litigation matters brought before them. Statement 3 is correct because Section 22 of the Act grants Lok Adalats the powers of a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, specifically regarding summoning witnesses and enforcing attendance. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Act does not mandate a specific fifteen-year experience requirement for non-legal members; rather, the composition of Lok Adalats is determined by the State or District Legal Services Authorities based on prescribed qualifications without such a rigid statutory time-bound experience threshold.
Consider the following statements regarding Principles of natural justice in conciliation processes:
1. The principle of natural justice in Lok Adalats allows for the cross-examination of witnesses during the conciliation process, a practice formalised by the Supreme Court in the 1994 judgment of P.T. Thomas v. Thomas Job.
2. The Permanent Lok Adalats were established under the 2002 Amendment to the Legal Services Authorities Act to handle public utility services, and these bodies possess the authority to adjudicate cases even when parties fail to reach a settlement.
3. The National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) was constituted in 1995 under the Legal Services Authorities Act, and its primary function involves the appointment of retired Supreme Court judges as chairpersons for all district-level Lok Adalats.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because Lok Adalats are guided by principles of natural justice and equity, specifically avoiding the formal, adversarial procedures like cross-examination. Statement 2 is incorrect because while Permanent Lok Adalats were established by the 2002 Amendment for public utility services, they possess adjudicatory powers only when parties fail to reach a settlement, but their decisions are based on the merits of the case rather than the standard conciliation process. Statement 3 is incorrect because NALSA was constituted in 1995 to provide free legal services and oversee Lok Adalats, but the District Legal Services Authority (DLSA) is chaired by the District Judge, not a retired Supreme Court judge.
Consider the following statements regarding Jurisdiction over compoundable criminal offences:
1. The Legal Services Authorities Act of 1987 provides the statutory basis for the establishment of Lok Adalats to facilitate the settlement of disputes.
2. Under the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, the High Court maintains the power to refer non-compoundable offences to Lok Adalats if the victim expresses consent during the preliminary hearing.
3. The National Legal Services Authority was constituted in 1995 under the 1987 Act, and it functions as the primary body for transferring pending criminal cases from the Supreme Court to Lok Adalats.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, provides the statutory foundation for Lok Adalats to settle disputes amicably. Statement 2 is incorrect because Lok Adalats only have jurisdiction over compoundable offences; they cannot adjudicate non-compoundable criminal offences under any circumstances. Statement 3 is incorrect because while NALSA was constituted in 1995, it does not function as a body for transferring pending cases from the Supreme Court; instead, cases are referred to Lok Adalats by the court where the case is pending or by a Legal Services Institution.
Consider the following statements regarding Difference between Lok Adalats and regular judicial proceedings:
1. Lok Adalats function under the administrative control of the Ministry of Law and Justice, which oversees the appointment of retired Supreme Court judges as chairpersons.
2. Under the provisions of the 1987 Act, no court fee is payable when a matter is referred to and settled by a Lok Adalat.
3. The National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) was constituted in 1995 to monitor and evaluate the implementation of legal aid programs across India.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because Lok Adalats are organized by Legal Services Authorities under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, and are not under the administrative control of the Ministry of Law and Justice. Statement 2 is correct as per Section 21 of the 1987 Act, which mandates that no court fee is payable when a matter is filed in or referred to a Lok Adalat. Statement 3 is correct because NALSA was constituted in 1995 under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, to establish a nationwide uniform network for providing free and competent legal services to the weaker sections of society.
Consider the following statements regarding Mandatory pre-litigation conciliation mechanism:
1. The National Legal Services Authority was constituted in 1995 to oversee the implementation of the 1987 Act, and it functions under the administrative control of the Ministry of Law and Justice.
2. The 2002 amendment to the Legal Services Authorities Act allows for the establishment of Permanent Lok Adalats, which exercise jurisdiction over disputes involving public utility services with a pecuniary value up to 10 lakh rupees.
3. The functioning of Lok Adalats is associated with the constitutional mandate of Article 39A, and the first Lok Adalat camp was organized in Gujarat in 1982 to reduce the backlog of pending cases.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because NALSA functions under the patronage of the Chief Justice of India, not the Ministry of Law and Justice. Statement 2 is incorrect because the 2002 amendment allows Permanent Lok Adalats to handle public utility disputes regardless of pecuniary value, as the 'up to 10 lakh' limit was removed by the 2015 amendment. Statement 3 is incorrect because while the first Lok Adalat was held in Gujarat in 1982, it was organized as a voluntary effort, whereas the constitutional mandate of Article 39A was specifically implemented through the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, which gave Lok Adalats statutory status.
Consider the following statements regarding Finality of awards and exclusion of appellate review:
1. Under the National Legal Services Authority (Lok Adalats) Regulations, 2009, the parties to a dispute retain the option to approach the High Court under Article 226 if they allege procedural fraud in the award.
2. The National Legal Services Authority guidelines of 2009 categorize Lok Adalat awards as administrative orders, which permits the parties to seek an appellate review through the District Legal Services Authority.
3. The 1987 legislation provides for the constitution of Lok Adalats at the taluka level, and the award passed by these benches is subject to a limitation period of ninety days for filing an appeal before the Sessions Court.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct because, under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, a Lok Adalat award is deemed a civil court decree, and while it cannot be appealed, the Supreme Court has clarified that parties may invoke the writ jurisdiction of the High Court under Article 226 if they allege fraud or lack of consent. Statement 2 is incorrect because Lok Adalat awards are treated as decrees of a civil court, not administrative orders, and the Act explicitly bars any appeal against these awards. Statement 3 is incorrect because the 1987 Act mandates that every award of a Lok Adalat shall be final and binding on all parties, leaving no scope for an appeal before the Sessions Court or any other forum.
Consider the following statements regarding Difference between Lok Adalats and regular judicial proceedings:
1. The Code of Civil Procedure of 1908 governs the procedural conduct of Lok Adalats, permitting the cross-examination of witnesses during the conciliation process.
2. Permanent Lok Adalats established under the 2002 amendment handle cases specifically related to public utility services like transport, postal, or telegraph services.
3. Section 21 of the Legal Services Authorities Act grants the Lok Adalat the power to review its own awards if a party submits a petition within 90 days of the decision.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct because the Legal Services Authorities (Amendment) Act, 2002, established Permanent Lok Adalats specifically to settle disputes concerning public utility services. Statement 1 is incorrect because Lok Adalats are guided by principles of justice, equity, and fair play rather than the rigid Code of Civil Procedure, and they do not permit formal cross-examination. Statement 3 is incorrect because, under Section 21 of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, an award made by a Lok Adalat is deemed a decree of a civil court and is final and binding on all parties, with no provision for review or appeal.