An amendment that affects the 'federal character' of the Constitution requires ratification by:
- All States
- 1/3rd of States
- 2/3rd of States
- 1/2 of States
Explanation: Under Art 368, federal amendments require a special majority in Parliament plus ratification by half of the State legislatures.
Which amendment provided for the creation of a local legislature/council of ministers for the UT of Puducherry?
Explanation: The 14th Amendment (1962) allowed for legislative bodies in certain UTs.
Which amendment restored the legislative power of States/UTs to identify their own socially and educationally backward classes (SEBCs)?
- 104th Amendment
- 105th Amendment
- 103rd Amendment
- 102nd Amendment
Explanation: The 105th Amendment (2021) clarified that States have the power to maintain their own OBC lists.
The 8th Fundamental Duty (Scientific Temper) was added by:
- 42nd Amendment
- 44th Amendment
- It was in the original Constitution
- 86th Amendment
Explanation: The first 10 duties were added by the 42nd Amendment; the 11th was added by the 86th.
Which amendment made it mandatory for the President to give assent to a Constitutional Amendment Bill?
- 44th Amendment
- 42nd Amendment
- 52nd Amendment
- 24th Amendment
Explanation: The 24th Amendment (1971) stripped the President of the power to withhold assent to an Amendment Bill.
Which amendment limited the size of the Council of Ministers to 15% of the House strength?
- 93rd Amendment
- 92nd Amendment
- 94th Amendment
- 91st Amendment
Explanation: The 91st Amendment (2003) limits the size of the Council of Ministers to prevent jumbo cabinets.
The 15th Amendment (1963) increased the retirement age of High Court judges from:
- 62 to 65
- 58 to 60
- 60 to 62
- 60 to 65
Explanation: It increased the retirement age for HC judges from 60 to 62 years.
The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, added which Part to the Constitution?
- Part IX-A
- Part IX-B
- Part IX
- Part X
Explanation: The 73rd Amendment added Part IX (The Panchayats) and the 11th Schedule.
The 4th Amendment (1955) related to:
- Property compensation and trade
- Anti-Defection
- Fundamental Duties
- Panchayats
Explanation: It clarified that compensation for property acquisition is not justiciable.
The 58th Amendment (1987) gave constitutional authority to:
- Election Commissioner
- Anti-Defection Law
- Hindi text of Constitution
- Governor's discretionary power
Explanation: It provided for an authoritative text of the Constitution in the Hindi language.
Which amendment provided for a 'Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities'?
Explanation: The 7th Amendment (1956) inserted Article 350B.
The 52nd Amendment (Anti-Defection) does NOT apply if what fraction of a party's members split/merge?
Explanation: Originally 1/3rd, the 91st Amendment changed the requirement to 2/3rd for a valid merger to avoid defection.
The 65th Amendment (1990) is famous for:
- Multimember SC/ST Commission
- Voting age reduction
- Panchayati Raj
- Delhi Assembly
Explanation: It replaced the single-member Special Officer with a high-level multi-member Commission.
Which amendment is known as the 'Mini-Constitution' of India?
- 44th Amendment
- 24th Amendment
- 7th Amendment
- 42nd Amendment
Explanation: The 42nd Amendment Act (1976) brought about the most widespread changes to the Constitution during the Emergency.
Which amendment substituted 'armed rebellion' for 'internal disturbance' in Article 352?
- 42nd Amendment
- 44th Amendment
- 38th Amendment
- 48th Amendment
Explanation: The 44th Amendment (1978) undid many Emergency-era changes, including narrowing the grounds for National Emergency.
Which amendment is related to the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes specifically?
Explanation: The 89th Amendment (2003) created a separate Commission for STs (Art 338A).
The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act added which Schedule?
- 9th Schedule
- 10th Schedule
- 11th Schedule
- 12th Schedule
Explanation: The 74th Amendment (1992) added the 12th Schedule, listing functions of Municipalities.
Which amendment substituted 'Odia' for 'Oriya' in the 8th Schedule?
- 96th Amendment
- 95th Amendment
- 94th Amendment
- 97th Amendment
Explanation: The 96th Amendment (2011) officially changed the spelling/name of the language.
The 92nd Amendment Act added which group of languages to the 8th Schedule?
- Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali
- Sindhi, Sanskrit, Kashmiri
- Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali
- Tamil, Telugu, Kannada
Explanation: The 92nd Amendment (2003) added four languages, taking the total to 22.
The 10th Schedule (Anti-Defection Law) was added by which Amendment?
- 52nd Amendment
- 61st Amendment
- 42nd Amendment
- 44th Amendment
Explanation: The 52nd Amendment Act of 1985 added the 10th Schedule to prevent political defections.
By which amendment was Sindhi added as the 15th language in the Eighth Schedule?
- 21st Amendment
- 71st Amendment
- 96th Amendment
- 92nd Amendment
Explanation: The 21st Amendment Act of 1967 added Sindhi as a regional language.
Which amendment abolished the 'Part C' and 'Part D' state categories?
Explanation: The 7th Amendment (1956) replaced the 4-fold classification with States and UTs.
Which Article of the Indian Constitution deals with the power of Parliament to amend the Constitution?
- Article 370
- Article 368
- Article 352
- Article 360
Explanation: Article 368 in Part XX of the Constitution deals with the powers of Parliament to amend the Constitution and its procedure.
The 42nd Amendment transferred which subject from the State List to the Concurrent List?
- Agriculture
- Education
- Police
- Public Health
Explanation: Five subjects (Education, Forests, Weights/Measures, Protection of Wild Animals, Admin of Justice) were moved to the Concurrent List.
The 24th Amendment Act (1971) was passed specifically to nullify the judgment of which case?
- Berubari Union case
- Minerva Mills case
- Golaknath case
- Kesavananda case
Explanation: The Golaknath case had ruled that Parliament cannot abridge Fundamental Rights; the 24th Amendment affirmed Parliament's power to do so.
The words 'Socialist', 'Secular' and 'Integrity' were added to the Preamble by which Amendment?
- 44th Amendment
- 42nd Amendment
- 46th Amendment
- 41st Amendment
Explanation: The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added these three new words to the Preamble.
The 89th Amendment Act, 2003, bifurcated the combined National Commission for SCs and STs into two separate bodies under which Articles?
- 342 & 342A
- 340 & 341
- 338 & 338A
- 330 & 332
Explanation: It created the National Commission for SCs (338) and National Commission for STs (338A).
The 101st Constitutional Amendment Act is related to which of the following?
- Goods and Services Tax (GST)
- NCBC Status
- Panchayats
- EWS Reservation
Explanation: The 101st Amendment Act, 2016, introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India.
Which amendment provided for the 33% reservation of seats for women in Lok Sabha (Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam)?
- 106th Amendment
- 105th Amendment
- 104th Amendment
- 103rd Amendment
Explanation: The 106th Amendment Act, 2023, provides for 1/3rd reservation for women in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies.
Which amendment made the President's declaration of Emergency immune from judicial review (later reversed)?
- 44th Amendment
- 39th Amendment
- 42nd Amendment
- 38th Amendment
Explanation: The 38th Amendment (1975) tried to bar judicial review of Emergencies, a move largely undone by the 44th Amendment.
By which amendment were 'Fundamental Duties' added to the Constitution?
- 46th Amendment
- 44th Amendment
- 52nd Amendment
- 42nd Amendment
Explanation: Fundamental Duties (Part IVA) were added based on the Swaran Singh Committee recommendations.
The provision for 'Special Status' to the National Capital Territory of Delhi was added by:
- 69th Amendment
- 72nd Amendment
- 61st Amendment
- 70th Amendment
Explanation: The 69th Amendment (1991) designated Delhi as the National Capital Territory.
The 12th Amendment (1962) incorporated which of the following into India?
- Sikkim
- Puducherry
- Goa, Daman and Diu
- Nagaland
Explanation: These territories were formally integrated after the 1961 military action.
Which amendment provided for a common High Court for two or more States?
- 14th Amendment
- 1st Amendment
- 7th Amendment
- 12th Amendment
Explanation: The 7th Amendment (1956) authorized the establishment of common HCs for multiple states/UTs.
The 91st Amendment (2003) stipulates that a member disqualified for defection shall also be:
- Banned for life
- Fined
- Disqualified for ministership
- Jailed
Explanation: Such a member cannot be appointed as a minister until the term expires or they are re-elected.
The 62nd Amendment (1989) extended SC/ST reservation in legislatures for how many years?
Explanation: Every 10 years, an amendment is passed to extend this reservation (the latest being the 104th).
The 42nd Amendment added which new Directive Principle?
- Prohibition of Slaughter
- Village Panchayats
- Uniform Civil Code
- Free legal aid
Explanation: It added Art 39A (Free legal aid), Art 43A (Participation of workers), and Art 48A (Environment).
The 10th Constitutional Amendment Act (1961) incorporated which territory as a UT?
- Goa
- Dadra and Nagar Haveli
- Puducherry
- Sikkim
Explanation: It was incorporated into the Indian Union as a Union Territory after liberation from Portuguese rule.
Which amendment gave the Governor of a State the power to act as Governor of two or more States?
- 10th Amendment
- 7th Amendment
- 21st Amendment
- 13th Amendment
Explanation: The 7th Amendment (1956) allowed a single person to be appointed Governor for multiple states.
Sikkim was made a full-fledged State of the Indian Union by which amendment?
- 37th Amendment
- 36th Amendment
- 38th Amendment
- 35th Amendment
Explanation: The 35th made it an 'Associate State'; the 36th (1975) made it a full State.
The 104th Amendment discontinued the reservation of seats for which community?
- Anglo-Indians
- Buddhists
- Parsis
- Jains
Explanation: It ended the nomination system for the Anglo-Indian community in Lok Sabha and Assemblies.
Which amendment abolished the category of 'Part B States' and reorganized states on a linguistic basis?
- 19th Amendment
- 1st Amendment
- 14th Amendment
- 7th Amendment
Explanation: The 7th Amendment (1956) implemented the States Reorganisation Act.
The 'Basic Structure' doctrine serves as a limitation on:
- Judicial power
- Executive power
- State Legislatures
- Amending power of Parliament
Explanation: It ensures that the core identity of the Constitution cannot be destroyed by amendments.
Which amendment provided 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS)?
- 104th Amendment
- 102nd Amendment
- 101st Amendment
- 103rd Amendment
Explanation: The 103rd Amendment (2019) introduced the EWS reservation in jobs and education.
Which amendment lowered the voting age from 21 years to 18 years?
- 69th Amendment
- 61st Amendment
- 73rd Amendment
- 86th Amendment
Explanation: The 61st Amendment Act of 1989 reduced the voting age for Lok Sabha and Assembly elections.
In which landmark case did the Supreme Court rule that the Parliament cannot amend the 'Basic Structure' of the Constitution?
- Shankari Prasad case
- Golaknath case
- Minerva Mills case
- Kesavananda Bharati case
Explanation: In the 1973 Kesavananda Bharati case, the SC ruled that while Parliament has wide powers to amend the Constitution, it cannot alter its 'Basic Structure'.
The Ninth Schedule was added to the Indian Constitution by which amendment?
- 42nd Amendment
- 1st Amendment
- 7th Amendment
- 24th Amendment
Explanation: The 1st Amendment Act (1951) added the Ninth Schedule to protect land reform laws from judicial review.
Which amendment stated that 'Internal Disturbance' is no longer a ground for National Emergency?
- 52nd Amendment
- 38th Amendment
- 44th Amendment
- 42nd Amendment
Explanation: The 44th Amendment replaced it with 'Armed Rebellion' to prevent misuse of the emergency power.
Which amendment extended the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in Lok Sabha for another 10 years (until 2030)?
- 103rd Amendment
- 104th Amendment
- 105th Amendment
- 102nd Amendment
Explanation: The 104th Amendment (2020) extended SC/ST reservation but discontinued the nomination of Anglo-Indians.
Which amendment provided for the reservation of seats for STs in the Legislative Assemblies of Arunachal, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland?
- None
- 57th
- 51st
- both 51st & 57th
Explanation: These amendments adjusted the tribal representation in the North Eastern states.
Which amendment empowered the State to make special provisions for the advancement of socially and educationally backward classes in private unaided institutions?
- 95th Amendment
- 93rd Amendment
- 81st Amendment
- 86th Amendment
Explanation: The 93rd Amendment (2005) enabled reservations in private educational institutions.
The 'Service Tax' was introduced as a specific provision by which amendment?
Explanation: The 88th Amendment (2003) inserted Article 268A for taxes on services.
Which amendment provided for a 'National Judicial Appointments Commission' (later declared unconstitutional)?
- 100th Amendment
- 101st Amendment
- 99th Amendment
- 98th Amendment
Explanation: The 99th Amendment sought to replace the Collegium system but was struck down by the SC.
The 100th Amendment Act, 2015, ratified which agreement?
- Nuclear deal
- Land Boundary Agreement with Bangladesh
- Maritime treaty with Sri Lanka
- GST Agreement
Explanation: The 100th Amendment allowed for the exchange of enclaves between India and Bangladesh.
The 97th Constitutional Amendment Act is related to which subject?
- Bodo Language
- Co-operative Societies
- Judicial Appointments
- Land Boundary
Explanation: The 97th Amendment (2011) gave constitutional status to Co-operative Societies.
The 39th Amendment (1975) placed the election of which of the following beyond judicial scrutiny?
- Prime Minister
- Speaker of Lok Sabha
- President
- All of the above
Explanation: Passed during the Emergency, it was later struck down for violating the Basic Structure.
Which amendment made it clear that Article 13 does not apply to Article 368 amendments?
Explanation: This was to bypass the Golaknath judgment which treated amendments as 'law' under Art 13.
Which amendment deleted the Right to Property as a Fundamental Right?
- 44th Amendment
- 42nd Amendment
- 43rd Amendment
- 45th Amendment
Explanation: The 44th Amendment (1978) moved it to Article 300A as a legal right.
The 'Right to Education' (Article 21A) was added by which amendment?
- 97th Amendment
- 86th Amendment
- 91st Amendment
- 92nd Amendment
Explanation: The 86th Amendment Act, 2002, made free and compulsory education for children (6-14 years) a Fundamental Right.
Which amendment increased the number of Lok Sabha seats from 525 to 545?
Explanation: The 31st Amendment (1973) raised the strength of the Lok Sabha.