Who can revoke a National Emergency?
- The Cabinet
- The President
- The Supreme Court
- The Parliament
Explanation: The President can revoke it at any time by a subsequent proclamation; this does not require parliamentary approval.
How many times has a Financial Emergency been declared in India?
- Twice
- Once
- Never
- Three times
Explanation: No Financial Emergency has ever been declared in India, not even during the 1991 economic crisis.
The S.R. Bommai v. Union of India case is related to which Article?
- Article 358
- Article 360
- Article 356
- Article 352
Explanation: The 1994 judgment laid down that the power to impose President's Rule is subject to judicial review and the assembly should only be dissolved after Parliamentary approval.
When was the first time National Emergency was revoked?
Explanation: The first emergency (1962) was revoked in January 1968.
The second National Emergency (1971) was declared due to:
- India-China War
- Internal Disturbance
- India-Pakistan War
- Armed Rebellion
Explanation: Declared in December 1971 during the attack by Pakistan.
The 38th Amendment Act (1975) made the President's satisfaction in declaring emergency:
- Final and Conclusive
- Subject to CJI approval
- Non-justiciable
- Subject to Judicial Review
Explanation: This was later deleted by the 44th Amendment, making it subject to judicial review.
What is the notice period required for a special sitting of Lok Sabha to consider a resolution for disapproving Emergency?
- 7 days
- 30 days
- 10 days
- 14 days
Explanation: 1/10th of Lok Sabha members must give a 14-day notice.
When National Emergency is revoked, Article 19 is:
- Remains suspended
- Revived automatically
- Revived by Parliament
- Revived by President
Explanation: Under Article 358, the suspension ends automatically with the emergency.
During a Financial Emergency (Article 360), the President can reduce the salary of whom?
- State Employees only
- Judges of Supreme Court and High Courts
- Union Employees only
- Only the Governor
Explanation: The President can direct the reduction of salaries of all persons serving the Union or State, including SC and HC judges.
Article 358 applies to the whole of India, whereas Article 359 applies to:
- Only UTs
- Only the whole of India
- Only border states
- Whole or any part of India
Explanation: Article 359 allows the President to suspend enforcement of rights for the entire country or specific regions.
Under Article 359, who has the power to specify which Fundamental Rights' enforcement shall be suspended?
- Cabinet
- Supreme Court
- Parliament
- The President
Explanation: The President issues an order specifying the rights and the period of suspension.
What happens to the High Court of a state during President's Rule?
- It continues to function independently
- It is suspended
- Chief Justice is replaced
- The President assumes its powers
Explanation: The President cannot assume the powers vested in a High Court or suspend its provisions.
Does a proclamation of Financial Emergency have a maximum period for its operation?
- 6 months
- No maximum period
- 1 year
- 3 years
Explanation: Unlike the other two, Article 360 has no maximum period for its operation once approved.
What is the maximum total period for which President's Rule can be imposed in a state?
- 3 Years
- 2 Years
- 5 Years
- 1 Year
Explanation: Subject to periodic approvals, the maximum limit is three years. Beyond that, a Constitutional Amendment is required (as was done for Punjab).
Can the Supreme Court review the grounds for President's Rule?
- No, it's a political question
- Yes, on grounds of malafide
- Only after it's revoked
- Only if Parliament asks
Explanation: Established by the S.R. Bommai case.
Under National Emergency, the Parliament can make laws on State List subjects for:
- Only the state under crisis
- Only UTs
- Only Border states
- Any state in India
Explanation: The legislative power of Parliament extends to any state, even if the emergency is only in a part of India.
If the President is satisfied that the financial stability of India is threatened, he declares emergency under:
- Article 360
- Article 356
- Article 365
- Article 352
Explanation: Article 360 covers Financial Emergency.
Which Article allows the President to suspend the 'enforcement' of Fundamental Rights?
- Article 358
- Article 360
- Article 359
- Article 352
Explanation: Article 359 does not suspend rights, but the right to move any court for the enforcement of rights.
If a National Emergency is in place, can a Financial Emergency also be declared?
- No
- Only in different states
- Yes
- Only if Supreme Court allows
Explanation: Different types of emergencies can coexist.
Can the President's Rule be imposed if a state fails to comply with Union directions?
- No
- Yes, under Article 356
- Only during National Emergency
- Yes, under Article 365
Explanation: Article 365 provides that failure to follow Union directions is a ground for Art 356.
Under Article 356, the President acts on a report of:
- Chief Minister
- High Court
- State Assembly
- Governor
Explanation: The President can act on a report from the Governor or 'otherwise' (even without a report).
In 1975, the National Emergency was declared on the ground of:
- War
- Internal Disturbance
- Armed Rebellion
- External Aggression
Explanation: This was the controversial 'third' emergency declared by the Indira Gandhi government.
During a National Emergency, Parliament can make laws on subjects in the State List. These laws become inoperative after:
- 1 year of emergency ending
- 3 months of emergency ending
- Immediately
- 6 months of emergency ending
Explanation: Laws made by Parliament on state subjects during emergency expire six months after the proclamation ceases to operate.
Which majority is required in Lok Sabha to pass a resolution 'disapproving' the continuation of National Emergency?
- Majority of 2/3rd
- Special Majority
- Absolute Majority
- Simple Majority
Explanation: Disapproval requires only a simple majority of Lok Sabha, while approval requires special majority of both houses.
Which Fundamental Rights cannot be suspended even during a National Emergency under Article 359?
- Articles 21 and 22
- Articles 14 and 19
- Articles 20 and 21
- Articles 19 and 20
Explanation: The 44th Amendment prohibited the suspension of the enforcement of rights guaranteed by Articles 20 and 21.
For how long does a proclamation of emergency remain in force if not approved by Parliament?
- 6 months
- 2 months
- 1 month
- 14 days
Explanation: For National Emergency, it is 1 month. For President's Rule and Financial, it is 2 months.
A National Emergency can be declared by the President only after receiving a written recommendation from:
- The Prime Minister
- The Parliament
- The Home Minister
- The Cabinet
Explanation: Article 352(3) specifies that the President shall not issue a Proclamation unless the decision of the Union Cabinet (PM + Ministers of Cabinet rank) has been communicated to him in writing.
The 44th Amendment Act (1978) substituted which term for 'internal disturbance' in Article 352?
- Military Coup
- Civil War
- Insurgency
- Armed Rebellion
Explanation: To prevent misuse of the emergency power, the 44th Amendment changed the grounds from the vague 'internal disturbance' to the specific 'armed rebellion'.
When a National Emergency is in force, the term of the Lok Sabha can be extended by Parliament for how long?
- 6 months at a time
- 2 years at a time
- 1 year at a time
- Indefinitely
Explanation: Under Article 83, the life of Lok Sabha can be extended by one year at a time, but cannot extend beyond six months after the emergency has ceased to operate.
In which state was President's Rule imposed for the maximum number of times up to 2020?
- Uttar Pradesh
- Punjab
- Kerala
- Manipur
Explanation: Manipur has seen the highest frequency of President's Rule.
A proclamation of Financial Emergency requires approval by Parliament by:
- 2/3rd Majority
- Absolute Majority
- Special Majority
- Simple Majority
Explanation: Like President's Rule, Financial Emergency needs only a simple majority for approval.
Article 352 covers:
- National Emergency
- President's Rule
- Financial Emergency
- State Emergency
Explanation: Standard nomenclature for Article 352.
The executive power of the Union to give directions to any State as to the manner in which the executive power thereof is to be exercised is provided during:
- Financial Emergency
- National Emergency
- President's Rule
- All of the above
Explanation: Under Article 353, the Centre becomes entitled to give executive directions to a state on 'any' matter.
Under Financial Emergency, the Union can direct states to reserve which bills for the President's assent?
- Constitutional Bills
- Ordinary Bills
- Money Bills
- All Bills
Explanation: Article 360(4) allows for the reservation of all Money Bills or other Financial Bills for the consideration of the President.
What happens to the State Legislature during President's Rule?
- It is always dissolved
- Either suspended or dissolved
- It is always suspended
- It continues to function
Explanation: The President either suspends or dissolves the state legislative assembly.
Can Financial Emergency be revoked by the President?
- No, needs Parliament
- Only on Cabinet advice
- Yes, at any time
- Only after 6 months
Explanation: Like the other proclamations, it can be revoked by a subsequent proclamation.
Which fundamental right is the last to be suspended or is protected?
- Article 19
- Article 20
- Article 17
- Article 14
Explanation: Along with Article 21, Article 20 is never suspended.
The President's Rule can be extended beyond one year if:
- The Supreme Court approves
- The Cabinet recommends
- Election Commission certifies difficulty in holding elections
- The Governor requests
Explanation: Added by the 44th Amendment to prevent prolonged President's Rule.
Which Article says 'It shall be the duty of the Union to protect every State against external aggression and internal disturbance'?
- Article 355
- Article 360
- Article 356
- Article 352
Explanation: Article 355 imposes this duty on the Union to ensure state governments are carried on in accordance with the Constitution.
Under President's Rule, the Parliament passes the state budget.
- False
- Only during National Emergency
- True
- Only with Governor's consent
Explanation: When the state assembly is dissolved/suspended, the Parliament assumes the power to pass the state budget.
The Governor's report for Article 356 must be based on:
- Actual breakdown of law and order
- Failure to follow Union directions
- Objective material
- Hung Assembly
Explanation: The SC has held that the satisfaction of the President must be based on objective material.
Which state's assembly was the first to be dissolved under Article 356?
- Andhra Pradesh
- Punjab
- Kerala
- PEPSU
Explanation: President's Rule was first imposed in Punjab (then PEPSU) in 1951.
During President's Rule, who carries on the administration with the help of advisors?
- The Chief Minister
- The President
- The Chief Secretary
- The Governor
Explanation: The Governor, on behalf of the President, carries on the administration with advisors appointed by the President.
How many times was the 1975 emergency extended before it was revoked?
- Twice
- Three times
- Once
- Never extended
Explanation: The Lok Sabha's term was extended twice during this period.
Article 358 operates only in case of:
- External Emergency
- All Emergencies
- Financial Emergency
- Internal Emergency
Explanation: Article 358 (suspension of Art 19) only works during emergencies declared on grounds of war or external aggression.
What is the maximum period for which a National Emergency can be extended at one time with Parliamentary approval?
- One month
- One year
- Six months
- Three months
Explanation: Once approved by Parliament, the emergency continues for six months. It can be extended indefinitely for six months at a time with periodic approval.
Which part of the Indian Constitution deals with the Emergency Provisions?
- Part XVI
- Part XVII
- Part XV
- Part XVIII
Explanation: Articles 352 to 360 in Part XVIII of the Constitution contain the Emergency provisions.
A proclamation of President's Rule must be approved by Parliament within:
- Two months
- One month
- One year
- Six months
Explanation: Unlike National Emergency (1 month), Article 356 requires approval within two months by a simple majority.
Which article is often called the 'Dead Letter' of the Constitution by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar?
- Article 356
- Article 32
- Article 360
- Article 352
Explanation: Ambedkar hoped it would remain a dead letter and used only as a last resort.
The 42nd Amendment allowed the President to proclaim National Emergency in:
- Only Border areas
- Whole of India only
- Whole or any part of India
- A specific part of India only
Explanation: Before the 42nd amendment, it could only be declared for the whole of India.
President's Rule under Article 356 is also known as:
- Constitutional Emergency
- Administrative Emergency
- National Emergency
- Financial Emergency
Explanation: It is officially termed as the 'failure of constitutional machinery in states'.
Parliament can delegate the power to make laws for the state under President's Rule to:
- State Secretary
- The President
- The High Court
- The Governor
Explanation: Parliament usually delegates this power to the President or any other specified authority.
National Emergency on grounds of 'External Aggression' was first declared in:
Explanation: Declared during the Chinese aggression in October 1962.
A resolution for disapproving the emergency needs to be passed by:
- Rajya Sabha only
- Parliament and State Legislatures
- Lok Sabha only
- Both Houses
Explanation: A resolution for disapproval only needs to be passed by the Lok Sabha.
Which majority is required for the approval of a National Emergency in both Houses of Parliament?
- Unanimous
- Simple Majority
- Absolute Majority
- Special Majority
Explanation: It requires a majority of the total membership of each house and a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting.
During National Emergency, the Centre can alter the distribution of revenues between Union and States under Article:
Explanation: Article 354 allows the President to modify the distribution of revenues.
Article 358 provides for the automatic suspension of which Article's rights?
- Article 21
- Article 14
- Article 19
- Article 32
Explanation: When a National Emergency is declared on grounds of war or external aggression, Article 19 is automatically suspended.
The provision of 'Armed Rebellion' was added by which Amendment?
Explanation: The 44th Amendment (1978) introduced this to prevent the executive from declaring emergency on vague internal grounds.
The President can issue ordinances on state subjects during National Emergency if Parliament is not in session.
- True
- Only on Union subjects
- False
- Only with Governor's permission
Explanation: The President's ordinance-making power extends to state subjects when Parliament is not in session during a National Emergency.
Which majority is needed to approve Financial Emergency?
- Simple Majority
- Special Majority
- 2/3rd Majority
- Absolute Majority
Explanation: Approval for Article 360 requires only a simple majority in both houses.