Consider the following statements regarding Federated learning for privacy-preserving health data analysis:
1. The 2021 Data Empowerment and Protection Architecture (DEPA) introduces the concept of data fiduciaries, and it establishes federated learning as the mandatory standard for all private hospital data processing.
2. Differential privacy is a hardware-based security protocol, and it serves as the foundational architecture for the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission to prevent unauthorized access to clinical datasets.
3. The 2019 National Digital Health Blueprint focuses on centralized data storage, and it utilizes federated learning as the primary mechanism for interoperability between state-level health registries.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because DEPA is a consent-based framework that does not mandate federated learning for private hospitals, and the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) utilizes a federated architecture but relies on encryption and consent managers rather than differential privacy as a hardware-based protocol. Furthermore, the 2019 National Digital Health Blueprint explicitly promotes a federated (decentralized) approach to data storage to ensure interoperability, contradicting the claim that it focuses on centralized storage.
Consider the following statements regarding Sentiment analysis for public opinion monitoring in governance:
1. The 2020 National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy, updated by the Department of Science and Technology, provides for the mandatory disclosure of sentiment analysis algorithms used in public opinion polling.
2. The 2021 National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence, drafted by NITI Aayog, emphasizes the use of sentiment analysis for real-time monitoring of public service delivery outcomes.
3. The UMANG mobile application, released in 2017, incorporates a built-in sentiment analysis module that adjusts the user interface based on the tone of the citizen's grievance submission.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct as NITI Aayog's 'National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence' (2018) explicitly advocates for AI-driven sentiment analysis to enhance governance and track public service delivery. Statement 1 is incorrect because the National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy (NDSAP) was notified in 2012, not 2020, and it does not mandate the disclosure of sentiment analysis algorithms. Statement 3 is incorrect because the UMANG app serves as a unified platform for government services and does not utilize sentiment analysis to dynamically alter its user interface based on grievance tones.
Consider the following statements regarding AI-based personalized learning in public education systems:
1. The DIKSHA platform, launched by the Ministry of Education in 2017, utilizes AI-driven analytics to provide personalized learning content for students across multiple regional languages.
2. In 2022, the Central Board of Secondary Education introduced the AI-Integrated Curriculum for grades 8 to 12 to familiarize students with machine learning algorithms used in adaptive educational tools.
3. The National Education Policy 2020 advocates for the deployment of AI-based software to track individual student progress and identify learning gaps in foundational literacy and numeracy.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as DIKSHA, launched in 2017, leverages AI for personalized content delivery in multiple languages; Statement 2 is correct because CBSE introduced the AI-integrated curriculum for grades 8-12 in 2022 to build foundational AI literacy; Statement 3 is correct as the National Education Policy 2020 explicitly mandates the use of AI-based software to monitor student progress and bridge gaps in Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN). All three statements are factually accurate regarding the integration of AI in India's public education framework.
Consider the following statements regarding Natural Language Processing (NLP) in citizen grievance redressal:
1. The 'Grievance Redressal Index' introduced in 2021 ranks states based on the speed and quality of resolution, utilizing NLP to evaluate the linguistic clarity of responses.
2. Under the Digital India initiative, the 'MyGov' platform employs AI-driven chatbots to categorize and prioritize citizen feedback based on keyword extraction from unstructured text.
3. The 2019 National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy provides for the automated public release of all grievance datasets, and the 2021 launch of the 'Jan-Sunwai' app enabled direct citizen-to-minister communication via encrypted voice-to-text processing.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Grievance Redressal Index, part of the Good Governance Index 2021, uses AI-driven sentiment analysis to evaluate grievance resolution quality. Statement 2 is correct because the MyGov platform integrates AI-powered chatbots like 'Mitra' to perform automated keyword extraction and sentiment analysis on unstructured citizen feedback to streamline categorization. Statement 3 is incorrect because the National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy (NDSAP) of 2012 does not mandate the automated public release of all grievance data due to privacy concerns, and there is no centralized government-wide 'Jan-Sunwai' app for direct encrypted voice-to-minister communication.
Consider the following statements regarding Big Data analytics for disaster risk reduction and response:
1. The 2021 UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction report highlights that AI-driven predictive modeling for flood forecasting has reduced evacuation response times by approximately 30 percent in pilot urban regions.
2. The 1994 Yokohama Strategy for a Safer World outlines the technical specifications for Big Data integration and defines the standardized metadata formats used by global meteorological agencies for climate-related disaster response.
3. The 2017 Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction in Cancun resulted in the adoption of the 'Digital Sendai Protocol', which provides for the direct transfer of proprietary disaster-response algorithms from private tech firms to the UN.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as UN-backed pilot programs, particularly those utilizing AI for flood mapping, have demonstrated significant efficiency gains in emergency response times. Statement 2 is incorrect because the 1994 Yokohama Strategy focused on policy guidelines and international cooperation for disaster reduction, not technical metadata specifications for Big Data. Statement 3 is incorrect because the 'Digital Sendai Protocol' is a fictitious term; the Sendai Framework (2015) emphasizes data sharing and technology transfer, but there is no such protocol mandating the transfer of proprietary algorithms to the UN.
Consider the following statements regarding Generative AI for policy formulation and impact assessment:
1. Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) in India, such as the Unified Payments Interface (UPI), generates anonymized metadata that assists in predictive modeling for fiscal policy adjustments.
2. The 2023 'Bletchley Declaration' represents an international consensus among 28 countries to address the risks associated with frontier AI models in public sector decision-making.
3. The OECD's 2019 'Recommendation on Artificial Intelligence' serves as the foundational framework adopted by G20 nations to ensure AI systems in governance remain transparent and accountable.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as DPIs like UPI generate vast anonymized datasets that enable policymakers to analyze consumption patterns for real-time fiscal adjustments. Statement 2 is correct because the 2023 Bletchley Declaration was signed by 28 countries, including India, to foster international cooperation on the safety and risks of frontier AI, particularly in sensitive sectors. Statement 3 is correct as the 2019 OECD AI Principles were adopted by G20 nations as the global benchmark for trustworthy, human-centric, and accountable AI governance.
Consider the following statements regarding Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) in national data governance:
1. The 2023 Digital Personal Data Protection Act establishes a framework where the Data Protection Board of India functions as an adjudicatory body for grievances arising from data fiduciary operations.
2. The National Health Authority's Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission utilizes an open-source architecture that allows private health-tech entities to participate in the Unified Health Interface ecosystem.
3. The Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India, launched in 2012, provides a repository of datasets from various central and state departments to facilitate third-party application development.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the DPDP Act 2023 mandates the Data Protection Board of India to act as an independent adjudicatory body for resolving grievances related to data fiduciaries. Statement 2 is correct because the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission employs an open-source, interoperable architecture via the Unified Health Interface (UHI) to enable private health-tech providers to integrate seamlessly into the national health ecosystem. Statement 3 is correct as the OGD Platform, launched in 2012 under the National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy (NDSAP), serves as a centralized portal for government datasets to promote transparency and innovation through third-party applications.
Consider the following statements regarding Blockchain for secure land record management:
1. The 2016 Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme introduced the mandatory use of biometric Aadhaar authentication for all rural property transfers and established the National Blockchain Registry under the Ministry of Finance.
2. The National Land Records Modernization Programme (NLRMP), renamed as the Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme in 2016, aims to achieve the goal of conclusive land titling.
3. In a blockchain-based land registry, the consensus mechanism ensures that multiple nodes in the network validate a property transfer before it is permanently recorded.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct as the NLRMP was rebranded as the Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP) in 2016 to transition from presumptive to conclusive land titling. Statement 3 is correct because blockchain's decentralized consensus mechanism prevents unauthorized tampering by requiring network nodes to validate transactions before they are cryptographically chained. Statement 1 is incorrect because while Aadhaar integration is encouraged, it is not universally mandatory for all rural transfers, and the National Blockchain Registry is an initiative under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), not the Ministry of Finance.
Consider the following statements regarding Federated learning for privacy-preserving health data analysis:
1. Federated learning allows local model updates to be aggregated by a central server without transferring raw patient records, a technique first formalized by Google researchers in a 2017 paper.
2. The Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) was launched in 2020, and its charter provides for the unrestricted sharing of cross-border genomic data through federated learning frameworks.
3. Edge computing facilitates real-time analytics in public health, and it functions as a sub-component of federated learning by enabling the permanent deletion of local model gradients after each training epoch.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as Google researchers introduced Federated Learning in 2017 to enable collaborative model training without centralizing sensitive raw data. Statement 2 is incorrect because the GPAI, launched in 2020, promotes responsible AI development and does not mandate unrestricted cross-border sharing of genomic data. Statement 3 is incorrect because while edge computing supports local processing, it is a distinct architectural paradigm from federated learning, and the deletion of gradients is a privacy choice rather than a functional requirement of edge computing.
Consider the following statements regarding Algorithmic bias in automated decision-making systems:
1. In 2020, the Dutch government resigned following a scandal where the Tax and Customs Administration used self-learning algorithms to incorrectly label thousands of families as child-benefit fraudsters.
2. The 2017 Tallinn Manual 2.0 addresses the application of international law to cyber operations, and it includes specific provisions regarding the mitigation of bias in automated military decision-making software.
3. Article 22 of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) provides individuals the right not to be subject to a decision based solely on automated processing if it produces legal effects.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Dutch childcare benefits scandal involved an algorithm that falsely flagged thousands of families for fraud, leading to the government's resignation in 2021. Statement 3 is correct because Article 22 of the GDPR explicitly grants data subjects the right not to be subject to decisions based solely on automated processing, including profiling, which significantly affects them. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Tallinn Manual 2.0 focuses on the application of international law to cyber warfare and state sovereignty, and it does not contain specific provisions regarding the mitigation of algorithmic bias in military software.
Consider the following statements regarding Ethical frameworks for AI deployment in public service delivery:
1. The 2022 draft of the Digital India Act proposes the establishment of an independent regulatory body to oversee the ethical deployment of high-risk AI applications.
2. The 2019 Personal Data Protection Bill includes provisions for the establishment of a Data Protection Board and allows for the processing of sensitive personal data by public agencies without prior impact assessments.
3. The G20 AI Principles, endorsed in 2019, encourage the promotion of diversity and inclusion in the development of data-driven public sector solutions.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Digital India Act (2023 draft) emphasizes a risk-based approach, proposing oversight for high-risk AI applications to ensure ethical standards. Statement 3 is correct because the G20 AI Principles, adopted in 2019, explicitly advocate for inclusive growth, sustainable development, and diversity in AI systems. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, mandates that 'Significant Data Fiduciaries'-which include many public agencies-must conduct Data Protection Impact Assessments (DPIAs) and appoint Data Protection Officers, rather than allowing processing without such assessments.
Consider the following statements regarding Automated tax compliance and revenue collection analytics:
1. The Tax Information Network (TIN) 2.0 project, launched in 2022, includes provisions for the automated audit of corporate tax returns by artificial intelligence agents without human intervention.
2. The Finance Act of 2019 provides for the integration of the PAN database with the Aadhaar system, which enables the automated calculation of tax refunds for all individual taxpayers within 48 hours of filing.
3. The Project Insight initiative, launched by the Income Tax Department in 2017, utilizes big data analytics to monitor high-value transactions and detect non-filers.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct as Project Insight was launched in 2017 to leverage big data analytics for tracking high-value transactions and curbing tax evasion. Statement 1 is incorrect because TIN 2.0 is a modernization platform for tax payment and reporting, not an AI-driven autonomous audit system that operates without human intervention. Statement 2 is incorrect because while PAN-Aadhaar integration exists, there is no statutory provision or administrative mechanism guaranteeing automated tax refunds within 48 hours for all individual taxpayers.
Consider the following statements regarding Big Data analytics for disaster risk reduction and response:
1. The 2019 G20 Osaka Leaders' Declaration on Digital Economy promotes the adoption of the 'Data Free Flow with Trust' framework, which serves as the primary governing mechanism for cross-border disaster relief data exchange.
2. The UN-SPIDER program, established in 2006, provides for the open-source distribution of geospatial data and functions as the regulatory body that certifies all national AI algorithms used in disaster prediction.
3. The Indian National Disaster Management Authority utilizes the 2005 Disaster Management Act to oversee the 'Common Alerting Protocol', which provides for automated AI-based satellite imagery analysis during cyclonic events.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the 'Data Free Flow with Trust' (DFFT) initiative is a broad economic framework for cross-border data flows, not a specific mechanism for disaster relief data exchange. Statement 2 is incorrect because while UN-SPIDER facilitates access to space-based information, it is a knowledge-sharing platform and lacks the legal authority to certify national AI algorithms. Statement 3 is incorrect because, although the NDMA uses the 2005 Act, the Common Alerting Protocol is a technical standard for message dissemination, not an AI-based satellite imagery analysis tool.
Consider the following statements regarding Explainable AI (XAI) in judicial and administrative processes:
1. The 2021 draft of the Personal Data Protection Bill included provisions for algorithmic auditing of government databases, and this draft was subsequently passed into law as the Digital Personal Data Protection Act of 2023.
2. In 2019, the Supreme Court of India launched the SUVAS (Supreme Court Vidhik Anuvaad Software) tool, which utilizes neural machine translation to assist in the translation of legal documents.
3. The 2021 European Commission proposal for the AI Act categorizes judicial systems as high-risk AI applications, necessitating transparency and human oversight.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the 2021 draft of the Personal Data Protection Bill was withdrawn, and the Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDP) of 2023 does not contain specific provisions for algorithmic auditing of government databases. Statement 2 is correct as the Supreme Court of India launched SUVAS in 2019, an AI-based tool designed to translate judicial documents from English to vernacular languages and vice versa. Statement 3 is correct because the EU AI Act classifies AI systems intended for use in the administration of justice and democratic processes as 'high-risk,' mandating strict transparency, data governance, and human oversight requirements.
Consider the following statements regarding Data sovereignty and cross-border data flow regulations:
1. The APEC Cross-Border Privacy Rules (CBPR) system, established in 2011, functions as a voluntary certification mechanism for organizations to demonstrate compliance with privacy standards across participating economies.
2. The OECD Privacy Guidelines of 1980 provide the legal basis for the 'Data Free Flow with Trust' (DFFT) framework, which was formally adopted during the 2019 G20 Osaka Summit.
3. The Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, opened for signature in 2001, serves as the primary international treaty addressing the harmonization of national laws regarding digital evidence and trans-border access.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the APEC CBPR system, launched in 2011, is a voluntary accountability-based framework facilitating secure data transfers among member economies. Statement 3 is correct because the 2001 Budapest Convention remains the first and primary international treaty aimed at harmonizing national laws to address internet and computer crime, including trans-border access to digital evidence. Statement 2 is incorrect because while the 2019 G20 Osaka Summit introduced the 'Data Free Flow with Trust' (DFFT) concept, it is not legally based on the 1980 OECD Privacy Guidelines; rather, it is a broader policy initiative focused on balancing data utilization with privacy and security concerns.
Consider the following statements regarding Data sovereignty and cross-border data flow regulations:
1. The 2019 draft of the Personal Data Protection Bill in India proposed the classification of 'critical personal data' which remains subject to storage and processing within the sovereign territory.
2. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of the European Union, which became enforceable in May 2018, includes provisions for 'adequacy decisions' to facilitate cross-border data transfers to third countries.
3. The 2023 Digital Personal Data Protection Act introduces the concept of 'data localization for all financial records' and aligns with the 2018 Srikrishna Committee recommendations on public sector data sharing.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the 2019 Bill introduced 'critical personal data' that must be processed and stored exclusively within India. Statement 2 is correct because GDPR Article 45 allows the European Commission to issue 'adequacy decisions' to ensure safe data transfers to countries with equivalent protection standards. Statement 3 is incorrect because the 2023 Digital Personal Data Protection Act does not mandate universal data localization for all financial records, and it departs from the Srikrishna Committee's stringent localization requirements by adopting a more flexible, sector-specific approach.
Consider the following statements regarding AI-driven fraud detection in public financial management:
1. The GST Network (GSTN) utilizes the 'Advanced Analytics in Indirect Taxation' (AAIT) tool, deployed in 2018, to identify high-risk tax evasion patterns using network analysis of input tax credit claims.
2. The 2022 World Bank study on 'GovTech' notes that over 40 developing nations have implemented machine learning models to cross-verify payroll data against civil registry databases to prevent ghost-employee fraud.
3. The OECD report on 'Digital Government' (2020) highlights that AI-integrated fraud detection systems in public procurement can reduce leakages by approximately 15-20% through anomaly identification.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the GSTN deployed the AAIT tool in 2018 to detect complex tax evasion patterns, such as circular trading and fake input tax credit claims, through advanced network analysis. Statement 2 is correct because the 2022 World Bank GovTech report confirms that over 40 developing nations have leveraged machine learning to cross-reference civil registries with payroll data to eliminate 'ghost employees' and improve fiscal efficiency. Statement 3 is correct as the OECD's 2020 digital government research validates that AI-driven anomaly detection in procurement processes can mitigate financial leakages by identifying irregularities in bidding patterns, typically yielding savings in the 15-20% range.
Consider the following statements regarding Sentiment analysis for public opinion monitoring in governance:
1. Under the Digital India initiative, the government deployed the 'Social Media Analytics' tool in 2016 to gauge public response to the implementation of the Goods and Services Tax.
2. The 2015 Digital India Awards, presented by the Ministry of Communications, recognized the use of sentiment analysis in the 'Swachh Bharat Abhiyan' app to track real-time cleanliness reports from urban centers.
3. The 2018 Digital Information Security in Healthcare Act (DISHA) allows for the automated sentiment analysis of patient feedback to improve hospital infrastructure in government-run medical colleges.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) launched the Social Media Analytics (SMA) tool in 2016 to monitor public sentiment across various government initiatives, including the GST rollout. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Digital India Awards are presented by the President of India/MeitY, and the Swachh Bharat app primarily focused on geotagged photo uploads rather than sentiment analysis for awards. Statement 3 is incorrect because the DISHA Act (2018) was a proposed legislative framework focused on data privacy and the creation of a National Digital Health Authority, not the automated sentiment analysis of patient feedback.
Consider the following statements regarding Federated learning for privacy-preserving health data analysis:
1. Secure Multi-Party Computation (SMPC) enables joint analysis of distributed datasets, and it serves as the primary data ingestion layer for the National Health Authority's unified health interface.
2. The 2023 Digital Personal Data Protection Act defines health information as sensitive data, and it authorizes the use of federated learning to bypass the need for explicit patient consent during medical research.
3. Homomorphic encryption allows computations on ciphertexts, and it is the specific technology deployed by the Co-WIN platform to enable decentralized tracking of vaccination outcomes across multiple jurisdictions.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because SMPC is a cryptographic technique rather than the ingestion layer for the National Health Authority's Unified Health Interface, which relies on standard APIs. The Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDP) 2023 mandates explicit consent for processing personal data and does not provide a blanket exemption for federated learning in medical research. Finally, Co-WIN utilizes centralized database architecture rather than homomorphic encryption for tracking vaccination outcomes, as the latter remains computationally intensive and is not the standard protocol for India's national vaccination platform.
Consider the following statements regarding AI-based personalized learning in public education systems:
1. Research by NITI Aayog in its 2018 'National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence' identifies personalized tutoring systems as a primary mechanism to improve student-teacher ratios in rural government schools.
2. The 'National Educational Alliance for Technology' (NEAT) 3.0, launched in December 2021, leverages AI to create a unified platform for personalized learning solutions developed by EdTech companies.
3. The 'PM e-VIDYA' initiative, introduced in May 2020, incorporates AI-powered chatbots to facilitate 24/7 student support and personalized curriculum delivery during school disruptions.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as NITI Aayog's 2018 strategy explicitly highlights AI-driven adaptive learning as a tool to bridge the teacher-student gap in underserved regions. Statement 2 is correct because NEAT 3.0, launched in December 2021 by the Ministry of Education, acts as a single-window platform to integrate AI-based EdTech solutions for better learning outcomes. Statement 3 is correct as the PM e-VIDYA initiative, launched under the Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan in May 2020, utilizes digital infrastructure including AI-enabled support systems to ensure continuity in education.
Consider the following statements regarding Predictive analytics for social welfare targeting:
1. The 2019 Digital India initiative introduced the 'Predictive Welfare Index' which ranks states based on their automated beneficiary identification, and this index is currently used to allocate federal fiscal grants.
2. The 2017 Aadhaar Act established the National Data Analytics Council to oversee predictive modeling, and this body maintains the primary database for all state-level welfare disbursement algorithms.
3. The 2018 NITI Aayog discussion paper on National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence identifies predictive analytics as a core tool for optimizing the delivery of the Public Distribution System.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct because the 2018 NITI Aayog discussion paper on 'National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence' explicitly highlights predictive analytics as a transformative tool for improving supply chain efficiency and beneficiary targeting in the Public Distribution System. Statement 1 is incorrect as there is no 'Predictive Welfare Index' introduced under the Digital India initiative for federal fiscal grant allocation. Statement 2 is incorrect because the 2017 Aadhaar Act does not establish a 'National Data Analytics Council'; the governance of Aadhaar is managed by the UIDAI, and there is no centralized national body overseeing all state-level welfare disbursement algorithms.
Consider the following statements regarding Natural Language Processing (NLP) in citizen grievance redressal:
1. The CPGRAMS portal, upgraded in 2022, utilizes AI-based language models to classify citizen grievances into over 20 distinct categories for automated routing.
2. The Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances implemented the Intelligent Grievance Monitoring System (IGMS) to detect patterns in complaints using sentiment analysis.
3. The National Language Translation Mission, launched in 2021, supports the processing of regional language inputs in grievance redressal systems across 22 scheduled languages.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
All three statements are correct: CPGRAMS was upgraded in 2022 with AI-based classification to automate grievance routing; the IGMS, developed by DARPG and IIT Kanpur, utilizes sentiment analysis to identify systemic issues and repetitive complaints; and the National Language Translation Mission (Bhashini), launched in 2021, provides the underlying NLP infrastructure to enable grievance processing across India's 22 scheduled languages.
Consider the following statements regarding Smart city traffic management using real-time IoT data:
1. The National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM) framework incorporates the use of IoT-enabled edge computing devices to process traffic flow data locally before transmission to central cloud servers.
2. In the 2022 pilot project in Pune, the deployment of AI-driven video analytics resulted in a 15 percent reduction in average vehicle idling time during peak hours.
3. The 2019 National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence identifies smart mobility as a key pillar for urban governance, emphasizing the role of predictive algorithms in managing public transport schedules.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as NUDM utilizes a modular digital infrastructure that leverages edge computing to minimize latency in IoT-based traffic monitoring. Statement 2 is correct, referencing the Pune Smart City Development Corporation's successful 2022 deployment of AI-based Adaptive Traffic Control Systems (ATCS) which optimized signal timings to reduce idling. Statement 3 is correct because the NITI Aayog's 2019 'National Strategy for AI' (AI for All) explicitly prioritizes 'Smart Cities' and 'Smart Mobility' as core sectors for AI intervention to enhance urban efficiency.
Consider the following statements regarding Explainable AI (XAI) in judicial and administrative processes:
1. The 2018 GDPR framework provides for the right to an explanation regarding automated decisions, which is currently applied by the NITI Aayog to standardize algorithmic accountability in Indian administrative law.
2. The 2020 OECD Principles on Artificial Intelligence identify judicial fairness as a core pillar, and these principles were formally ratified by the G20 summit in Osaka to govern global judicial AI standards.
3. The COMPAS algorithm, widely utilized in the United States since 2013, incorporates a proprietary neural network architecture that provides real-time interpretability reports to public defenders during sentencing hearings.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because while GDPR mandates a 'right to an explanation', NITI Aayog's 'Responsible AI' framework is a set of guidelines rather than a codified law standardizing algorithmic accountability in Indian administrative law. Statement 2 is incorrect as the OECD AI Principles were adopted in 2019, not 2020, and they focus on 'human-centered values and fairness' rather than specifically mandating judicial AI standards for G20 ratification. Statement 3 is incorrect because COMPAS is a proprietary risk-assessment tool based on linear regression and decision trees, not a neural network, and it is famously criticized for its lack of transparency and interpretability, not for providing real-time reports to public defenders.
Consider the following statements regarding Smart city traffic management using real-time IoT data:
1. As of 2023, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs reported that over 75 cities have implemented sensor-based traffic monitoring systems to reduce congestion at major intersections.
2. The Integrated Command and Control Centre (ICCC) under the Smart Cities Mission utilizes Adaptive Traffic Control Systems (ATCS) to adjust signal timings based on real-time vehicle density data.
3. The Smart Cities Mission guidelines of 2015 introduced the 'Green Corridor' protocol, which synchronizes traffic signals with emergency vehicle GPS coordinates to reduce response times by 40 percent.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs has scaled sensor-based Intelligent Traffic Management Systems (ITMS) across over 75 cities under the Smart Cities Mission to optimize urban mobility. Statement 2 is correct because the Integrated Command and Control Centre (ICCC) acts as the 'brain' of the city, integrating Adaptive Traffic Control Systems (ATCS) to dynamically adjust signal timings based on real-time traffic flow data. Statement 3 is incorrect because, while the Smart Cities Mission facilitates traffic management, there is no 'Green Corridor' protocol introduced in the 2015 guidelines; such systems are implemented as localized municipal initiatives rather than a standardized national policy with a fixed 40 percent reduction mandate.
Consider the following statements regarding AI-driven fraud detection in public financial management:
1. The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) introduced the 'Data Analytics and Research Center' in 2017 to enhance the detection of financial irregularities in government expenditure.
2. In 2021, the Government of India launched the 'E-Kuber' platform, which employs AI-driven transaction monitoring to identify suspicious patterns in real-time government disbursements.
3. The Public Financial Management System (PFMS) in India, under the Ministry of Finance, utilizes rule-based algorithms to flag duplicate beneficiary records across DBT schemes.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the CAG established the Centre for Data Management and Analytics (CDMA) in 2017 to leverage data analytics for auditing government expenditure. Statement 2 is correct because E-Kuber, the Reserve Bank of India's core banking solution used by the government, integrates advanced monitoring tools to track disbursements and identify financial anomalies. Statement 3 is correct as the PFMS acts as a central repository that employs rule-based logic and data validation to de-duplicate beneficiary records across various Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) schemes, ensuring fiscal integrity.
Consider the following statements regarding Blockchain for secure land record management:
1. Blockchain technology provides an immutable ledger system where each transaction in a land record database is cryptographically linked to the preceding entry.
2. The Swamitva scheme, launched by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj in April 2020, utilizes drone technology to map rural land parcels for the generation of digital property cards.
3. Andhra Pradesh was among the first Indian states to initiate a pilot project in 2017 using blockchain to secure land registration data against unauthorized tampering.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct because blockchain creates a decentralized, tamper-proof chain of blocks where each transaction is cryptographically hashed to the previous one, ensuring data integrity. Statement 2 is correct as the SVAMITVA (Survey of Villages and Mapping with Improvised Technology in Village Areas) scheme, launched in April 2020, uses drone survey technology to provide accurate land records and property cards to rural households. Statement 3 is correct because Andhra Pradesh pioneered the integration of blockchain in governance in 2017, specifically partnering with startups to secure land registration data against unauthorized modifications.
Consider the following statements regarding Data sovereignty and cross-border data flow regulations:
1. The 2016 Privacy Shield framework replaced the Safe Harbor principles and functioned as the primary mechanism for EU-US data transfers until the Schrems II ruling by the European Court of Human Rights.
2. The 2012 UNCTAD report on the Digital Economy highlights the 'Data Sovereignty Protocol' as a binding international instrument that governs the physical location of cloud-based server infrastructure.
3. The ASEAN Framework on Personal Data Protection, finalized in 2013, provides for a regional data residency requirement and harmonizes the enforcement mechanisms of the ten member states.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the Privacy Shield was invalidated by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), not the European Court of Human Rights. Statement 2 is incorrect as there is no such 'Data Sovereignty Protocol' under UNCTAD; data sovereignty remains a matter of national policy rather than a binding international treaty. Statement 3 is incorrect because the 2013 ASEAN Framework is a non-binding set of principles aimed at promoting interoperability rather than imposing mandatory data residency or harmonized enforcement mechanisms.
Consider the following statements regarding Cybersecurity challenges in e-governance architectures:
1. The National Cyber Security Strategy of 2020 includes provisions for the creation of a centralized cloud infrastructure, and it identifies the Ministry of Finance as the primary agency for managing cross-border data flows.
2. The Aadhaar Act of 2016 provides for the authentication of identity via the UIDAI, and it encompasses the legal framework for the storage of biometric data within the National Informatics Centre's private servers.
3. The Information Technology (Amendment) Act of 2008 introduced Section 66A, which was later struck down by the Supreme Court in the Shreya Singhal v. Union of India case of 2015.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct as the IT (Amendment) Act, 2008 introduced Section 66A, which the Supreme Court struck down in the 2015 Shreya Singhal case for violating Article 19(1)(a). Statement 1 is incorrect because the National Cyber Security Strategy (drafted in 2020) does not designate the Ministry of Finance as the lead for cross-border data flows; that role typically falls under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY). Statement 2 is incorrect because, while the Aadhaar Act governs identity authentication, the storage of biometric data is strictly managed by the UIDAI within its own Central Identities Data Repository (CIDR), not specifically the National Informatics Centre's private servers.
Consider the following statements regarding Ethical frameworks for AI deployment in public service delivery:
1. Article 21 of the Indian Constitution is frequently cited by the Supreme Court in the context of data privacy, influencing the ethical deployment of predictive governance tools.
2. The 2021 UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence, adopted by 193 member states, emphasizes the protection of human rights in algorithmic decision-making.
3. The NITI Aayog's 2018 'National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence' identifies 'AI for All' as the core principle for inclusive public service delivery.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the Supreme Court in the K.S. Puttaswamy judgment (2017) declared privacy a fundamental right under Article 21, which serves as the legal bedrock for regulating data-driven governance. Statement 2 is correct because the 2021 UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of AI is a globally recognized normative framework signed by 193 member states to ensure algorithmic accountability and human rights protection. Statement 3 is correct as NITI Aayog's 2018 'National Strategy for AI' explicitly promotes the 'AI for All' vision, focusing on leveraging technology for inclusive social development in sectors like healthcare, agriculture, and education.
Consider the following statements regarding Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) and data interoperability:
1. The Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) utilizes the Health ID, now known as ABHA, which allows for the interoperability of health records across different hospital information systems.
2. The Account Aggregator framework, regulated by the Reserve Bank of India since 2016, enables the secure transfer of financial information and serves as the primary technical interface for the direct benefit transfer of agricultural subsidies.
3. The DigiLocker system, launched in 2015, allows for the storage of digital documents and is integrated with the GST Network to provide real-time verification of corporate tax filings for small businesses.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the ABHA ID facilitates seamless health data exchange across diverse providers under the ABDM framework. Statement 2 is incorrect because while the Account Aggregator framework enables financial data sharing, it is not the interface for Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) of agricultural subsidies, which relies on the Aadhaar Payment Bridge System (APBS). Statement 3 is incorrect because, although DigiLocker is a secure document repository, it is not integrated with the GST Network for real-time verification of corporate tax filings, as GST compliance is managed through the dedicated GSTN portal.
Consider the following statements regarding Algorithmic bias in automated decision-making systems:
1. The Algorithmic Accountability Act introduced in the U.S. Congress in 2019 focuses on impact assessments for high-risk systems, and it draws technical standards from the 2016 NIST Big Data Interoperability Framework.
2. The 2018 OECD AI Principles advocate for human-centric values and fairness, and they were formally adopted by the G20 summit held in Osaka during the 2019 fiscal year.
3. The 2021 UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence emphasizes algorithmic transparency, and it builds upon the framework established by the 2017 Montreal Declaration for Responsible AI.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the Algorithmic Accountability Act was introduced in 2019 but does not draw technical standards from the 2016 NIST Big Data Interoperability Framework. Statement 2 is incorrect because while the G20 adopted the OECD AI Principles in 2019, the summit was held in Osaka, Japan, but the principles were endorsed by G20 leaders, not formally adopted as a 'fiscal year' event. Statement 3 is incorrect because the 2021 UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of AI is a standalone normative instrument and does not formally build upon the 2017 Montreal Declaration, which was a non-binding academic initiative.
Consider the following statements regarding Predictive analytics for social welfare targeting:
1. The 2021 National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy allows for the public release of granular household-level income data, and this policy facilitates the development of private-sector predictive tools for social insurance.
2. The 2015 Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana incorporates machine learning protocols for credit scoring, and these protocols determine the eligibility of beneficiaries for the subsequent Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana.
3. The 2016 JAM Trinity framework includes provisions for real-time predictive analytics in banking, and the Reserve Bank of India utilizes this data to automatically adjust interest rates for rural micro-finance borrowers.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because they misrepresent government policies and technological implementations. The 2012 National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy (NDSAP) mandates the anonymization of sensitive personal data, explicitly prohibiting the release of granular household-level income data. The Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is a financial inclusion scheme focused on universal banking access rather than machine learning-based credit scoring, and the JAM Trinity (Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile) is a digital infrastructure framework for direct benefit transfers, not a tool for the RBI to dynamically adjust interest rates for individual rural borrowers.
Consider the following statements regarding Predictive analytics for social welfare targeting:
1. The 2018 Personal Data Protection Bill includes provisions for the creation of a Central Predictive Authority, and this authority holds the legal power to bypass departmental consent for cross-referencing welfare databases.
2. As of 2022, the Andhra Pradesh government utilized the 'e-Pragati' core platform to integrate 33 departments, enabling predictive modeling for identifying potential beneficiaries of social pension schemes.
3. The 2020 Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology guidelines on data governance provide a framework for using anonymized administrative datasets to predict localized poverty clusters in rural districts.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the 2018 Personal Data Protection Bill did not propose a 'Central Predictive Authority,' and current Indian law requires strict adherence to data minimization and purpose limitation principles. Statement 2 is correct as Andhra Pradesh's e-Pragati platform integrates 33 departments to streamline service delivery and identify beneficiaries through data-driven insights. Statement 3 is correct because the MeitY's Data Governance Quality Index and related guidelines promote the use of anonymized administrative datasets to facilitate evidence-based policy interventions for poverty alleviation.
Consider the following statements regarding Digital identity frameworks and biometric authentication security:
1. The 2018 Supreme Court judgment in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India upheld the constitutional validity of Aadhaar while striking down Section 57 of the Act.
2. Under the FIDO2 standard, the private key remains on the user's local device, while the public key is transmitted to the server during the authentication process.
3. The EU's eIDAS Regulation, which entered into force in 2014, facilitates the mutual recognition of electronic identification schemes across all member states.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the 2018 Puttaswamy judgment upheld Aadhaar's validity but struck down Section 57, which allowed private entities to demand Aadhaar authentication. Statement 2 is correct because FIDO2 utilizes public-key cryptography where the private key is stored securely on the local device's hardware, ensuring sensitive biometric data is never transmitted to a server. Statement 3 is correct as the 2014 eIDAS Regulation established a legal framework for the cross-border recognition of electronic identities and trust services across the European Union.
Consider the following statements regarding Automated tax compliance and revenue collection analytics:
1. The GSTN infrastructure encompasses the real-time tracking of inter-state movement of goods through the E-Way Bill system, which links tax liability directly to the GPS coordinates of the transport vehicle.
2. The Income Tax Department's Project Compliance, introduced in 2014, provides for the automatic issuance of penalty notices to taxpayers whose reported income deviates by more than 10 percent from their credit card expenditure.
3. The National E-Governance Plan, initiated in 2006, includes the automated tax compliance framework that allows the GST Council to directly freeze bank accounts of non-compliant entities.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the E-Way Bill system tracks movement via document-based verification and QR codes rather than direct GPS-to-tax-liability linking. Statement 2 is incorrect as 'Project Insight' (not Project Compliance) focuses on data analytics for non-filers and high-value transactions, but it does not mandate automatic penalty issuance based on a 10 percent deviation threshold. Statement 3 is incorrect because the National E-Governance Plan (NeGP) is a broad framework for service delivery, and the GST Council lacks the legal authority to directly freeze bank accounts, a power reserved for tax authorities under specific statutory provisions following due process.
Consider the following statements regarding Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) and data interoperability:
1. The India Stack, a collection of open APIs and digital public goods, was formally initiated in 2015 to facilitate identity, data, and payment services at a population scale.
2. The Unified Payments Interface (UPI) recorded over 100 billion transactions in the calendar year 2023, reflecting the scalability of India's digital public infrastructure.
3. The Data Empowerment and Protection Architecture (DEPA) framework, introduced by NITI Aayog in 2020, functions as a consent-based data sharing layer to enhance financial inclusion.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as India Stack was launched in 2015 to provide a unified software platform for identity (Aadhaar), payments (UPI), and data (DigiLocker). Statement 2 is correct because UPI achieved a historic milestone by processing over 117 billion transactions in the 2023 calendar year, showcasing its immense scalability. Statement 3 is correct as the DEPA framework, released by NITI Aayog in 2020, empowers individuals to securely share their financial data with third-party service providers through a consent-based architecture, thereby promoting financial inclusion.
Consider the following statements regarding Sentiment analysis for public opinion monitoring in governance:
1. The 2017 Report of the Committee of Experts on Data Governance, chaired by Justice B.N. Srikrishna, recommends the use of sentiment analysis for predictive policing in urban municipal corporations.
2. The 2019 Personal Data Protection Bill, introduced by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, contains specific clauses that prohibit the use of sentiment analysis on anonymized public datasets.
3. The MyGov platform, launched in July 2014, utilizes natural language processing tools to categorize citizen feedback into thematic clusters for policy evaluation.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct as the MyGov platform leverages NLP and AI-driven analytics to aggregate and categorize vast amounts of citizen feedback into thematic clusters for informed policy evaluation. Statement 1 is incorrect because the 2017 Justice B.N. Srikrishna Committee report focused on data protection frameworks rather than recommending sentiment analysis for predictive policing. Statement 2 is incorrect because the 2019 Personal Data Protection Bill did not contain specific clauses prohibiting sentiment analysis on anonymized datasets; instead, it primarily regulated the processing of personal data.
Consider the following statements regarding Data anonymization techniques for open government data:
1. The Synthetic Data Generation approach creates artificial datasets that preserve statistical correlations of the original data, a method endorsed by the 2019 NITI Aayog National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence.
2. Data masking techniques such as format-preserving encryption allow for the replacement of sensitive identifiers with realistic but fake values, as outlined in the 2005 Right to Information Act.
3. Differential privacy relies on the Laplace mechanism to inject noise into query results, a technique first formalized in the 1998 Data Protection Directive of the European Union.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the 2018 NITI Aayog discussion paper 'National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence' focuses on AI ethics and data privacy but does not formally endorse synthetic data generation as a primary policy mandate. Statement 2 is incorrect because the 2005 Right to Information (RTI) Act is a transparency framework focused on disclosure, not a technical data security manual for masking or encryption. Statement 3 is incorrect because differential privacy, including the Laplace mechanism, was formalized by Cynthia Dwork and others in 2006, not by the 1998 EU Data Protection Directive, which primarily established principles for personal data processing.
Consider the following statements regarding Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) and data interoperability:
1. The Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) was incorporated as a private non-profit company in December 2021 to promote open networks for the exchange of goods and services.
2. The National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy (NDSAP) of 2012 encourages the proactive release of government datasets and establishes the Open Government Data platform as the primary repository for state-level census records.
3. The Aadhaar Act of 2016 provides for the establishment of the Unique Identification Authority of India and defines the biometric data collection process as a mandatory requirement for all citizens since 2009.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as ONDC was incorporated as a private non-profit Section 8 company in December 2021 to democratize digital commerce. Statement 2 is incorrect because while NDSAP 2012 promotes open data, the Open Government Data (OGD) platform is a national repository for non-sensitive government data and does not specifically function as the primary repository for state-level census records, which are governed by the Census Act. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Aadhaar Act was enacted in 2016, and while biometric collection began in 2009 under the UIDAI's executive mandate, Aadhaar enrollment remains voluntary for citizens, not mandatory.
Consider the following statements regarding Data anonymization techniques for open government data:
1. T-closeness is a privacy model that limits the distance between the distribution of a sensitive attribute in an equivalence class and the distribution of the attribute in the whole table, as referenced in the 2018 Digital India Act.
2. The concept of L-diversity extends K-anonymity by ensuring that each equivalence class contains at least L well-represented values for sensitive attributes, a standard proposed in the 2012 Big Data Governance Framework.
3. Generalization techniques involve replacing specific values with broader categories, such as converting exact ages into ranges, a practice encouraged by the 2017 Justice Srikrishna Committee Report on data localization.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because they attribute technical privacy models to non-existent or misidentified policy frameworks. T-closeness and L-diversity are standard academic privacy models in data science, not mandates of the 2018 Digital India Act (which does not exist) or a 2012 Big Data Governance Framework. Furthermore, while the 2017 Justice Srikrishna Committee Report focused on data protection and privacy, it did not formally codify or encourage specific technical anonymization techniques like generalization as a primary policy recommendation.
Consider the following statements regarding Automated tax compliance and revenue collection analytics:
1. The Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN) processes over 1.5 billion invoices monthly to identify discrepancies between GSTR-1 and GSTR-3B filings through automated reconciliation.
2. The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) implemented the e-Verification Scheme in 2021 to provide taxpayers with an automated platform for clarifying information mismatches identified by data analytics.
3. The Data Analytics Wing of the Ministry of Finance uses the '360-degree profiling' approach, which incorporates information from the Annual Information Statement (AIS) to flag potential tax evasion cases.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
All three statements are correct: GSTN utilizes advanced data analytics to reconcile GSTR-1 (outward supplies) and GSTR-3B (tax payments) for millions of invoices to detect input tax credit mismatches. The CBDT introduced the e-Verification Scheme in 2021 to allow taxpayers to electronically respond to information mismatches flagged by data analytics, thereby reducing litigation. Furthermore, the Income Tax Department employs '360-degree profiling' by integrating data from the Annual Information Statement (AIS) and other financial sources to identify high-risk non-compliance and potential tax evasion.
Consider the following statements regarding Cybersecurity challenges in e-governance architectures:
1. The Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, proposed the establishment of a Data Protection Authority of India to oversee the processing of personal data by data fiduciaries.
2. The Information Technology Rules of 2021 allow for the appointment of a Grievance Officer by social media intermediaries, and these rules are associated with the oversight of digital media content by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.
3. The CERT-In, established under the IT Act of 2000, functions as the national nodal agency for responding to computer security incidents as per the 2013 National Cyber Security Policy.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the 2019 Bill proposed the Data Protection Authority to regulate data fiduciaries, though it was later replaced by the 2023 Act. Statement 3 is correct because CERT-In operates under Section 70B of the IT Act, 2000, and is designated as the national nodal agency for incident response under the 2013 Policy. Statement 2 is incorrect because while the IT Rules 2021 mandate the appointment of a Grievance Officer, the oversight of digital media content is primarily vested with the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, not the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.
Consider the following statements regarding Cybersecurity challenges in e-governance architectures:
1. Under the Digital India initiative launched in 2015, the UMANG platform provides a unified interface for accessing over 1,200 government services across various state and central departments.
2. The Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, opened for signature in 2001, remains the first international treaty seeking to address internet and computer crime by harmonizing national laws.
3. The 2017 Srikrishna Committee report refers to the necessity of data localization for critical infrastructure, and it suggests that the Reserve Bank of India holds the primary responsibility for auditing all private sector cloud storage providers.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as UMANG (Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance) was launched in 2017 under Digital India to provide a single platform for numerous government services. Statement 2 is correct because the Budapest Convention (2001) is indeed the first international treaty designed to harmonize national laws and improve investigative techniques regarding cybercrime. Statement 3 is incorrect because, while the Srikrishna Committee discussed data localization, it recommended the creation of a Data Protection Authority (DPA) for regulatory oversight rather than assigning the Reserve Bank of India the responsibility of auditing all private sector cloud storage providers.
Consider the following statements regarding Generative AI for policy formulation and impact assessment:
1. The 'IndiaAI' mission, approved by the Union Cabinet in March 2024, allocates a financial outlay of over ₹10,000 crore to bolster the domestic AI computing infrastructure.
2. The NITI Aayog's 2018 'National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence' identifies public healthcare and smart mobility as primary sectors for AI-driven policy intervention.
3. Generative AI models utilize Large Language Models (LLMs) to synthesize public consultation feedback, a process currently piloted by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the IndiaAI Mission was approved in March 2024 with an outlay of ₹10,372 crore to build a scalable AI ecosystem. Statement 2 is correct because NITI Aayog's #AIforAll strategy explicitly prioritized healthcare, agriculture, education, smart cities, and infrastructure for AI integration. Statement 3 is correct as MeitY has actively leveraged LLMs and AI-driven platforms like 'MyGov' to process and summarize vast volumes of citizen feedback for more responsive policy formulation.
Consider the following statements regarding Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) in national data governance:
1. Under the PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan, the integration of geospatial data from multiple infrastructure ministries utilizes a public-private partnership model to enhance logistics efficiency.
2. The 2015 Digital India initiative launched the BharatNet project, which facilitates the creation of a centralized national data warehouse managed by a private consortium under the Ministry of Electronics and IT.
3. The 2019 Personal Data Protection Bill, as proposed by the Justice B.N. Srikrishna Committee, included provisions for the creation of a Data Protection Authority to oversee cross-sectoral data processing.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as PM Gati Shakti integrates data from various ministries using a GIS-based platform supported by private sector technical expertise to optimize logistics. Statement 3 is correct because the Justice B.N. Srikrishna Committee report (2018) proposed the Data Protection Authority to regulate data processing across sectors, which formed the basis for the 2019 Bill. Statement 2 is incorrect because BharatNet is a government-led initiative under the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) to provide broadband connectivity to Gram Panchayats, not a centralized national data warehouse managed by a private consortium.
Consider the following statements regarding Natural Language Processing (NLP) in citizen grievance redressal:
1. The 'CPGRAMS 2.0' dashboard provides automated feedback reports to ministries by analyzing the text of resolved grievances through Natural Language Processing algorithms.
2. In 2023, the government integrated the Bhashini platform with public service delivery portals to facilitate real-time multilingual communication for grievance submission.
3. The 2020 National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence identifies the automation of routine citizen interactions as a key pillar for improving the efficiency of public service delivery.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as CPGRAMS 2.0 utilizes AI-driven sentiment analysis and text categorization to generate feedback reports on grievance resolution quality. Statement 2 is correct because the government integrated Bhashini, an AI-led language technology platform, in 2023 to enable citizens to submit grievances in multiple Indian languages, overcoming linguistic barriers. Statement 3 is correct as the NITI Aayog's 2020 National Strategy for AI explicitly emphasizes leveraging AI for 'Smart Governance' and automating routine citizen-government interactions to enhance administrative efficiency.
Consider the following statements regarding Big Data analytics for disaster risk reduction and response:
1. Big Data analytics for disaster management relies on the 2016 Paris Agreement provisions, which encourage developing nations to utilize cloud-based climate modeling for real-time seismic monitoring.
2. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 emphasizes the use of multi-hazard early warning systems and the application of space-based technology for disaster risk assessment.
3. The 2005 Hyogo Framework for Action introduced the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction and established the first international legal protocol for mandatory data sharing between private satellite operators and national governments.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct because the Sendai Framework (2015-2030) explicitly prioritizes the development of multi-hazard early warning systems and the integration of space-based technologies for risk assessment. Statement 1 is incorrect as the Paris Agreement focuses on climate change mitigation and adaptation, not seismic monitoring, and contains no such specific provisions for cloud-based modeling. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Hyogo Framework (2005-2015) did not mandate data sharing between private satellite operators and governments; data sharing remains largely voluntary and subject to commercial agreements.
Consider the following statements regarding Smart city traffic management using real-time IoT data:
1. Under the 2018 Data Governance Quality Index, municipal corporations are permitted to share anonymized traffic flow data with private logistics firms to optimize last-mile delivery routes within urban zones.
2. The National Highways Authority of India implemented the FASTag system in 2017, which utilizes machine learning to adjust toll rates dynamically based on the volume of heavy commercial vehicles present at the plaza.
3. The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology launched the 'Digital Traffic Grid' initiative in 2020, which connects all private vehicle telematics directly to the central police database for real-time violation tracking.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect: the Data Governance Quality Index (DGQI) is a framework for central ministries, not municipal data sharing; the FASTag system is a toll collection mechanism based on RFID technology and does not utilize dynamic pricing based on vehicle volume; and the 'Digital Traffic Grid' is not a government initiative, as current traffic monitoring relies on integrated command centers rather than direct telematics-to-police database integration.
Consider the following statements regarding Ethical frameworks for AI deployment in public service delivery:
1. The OECD AI Principles, updated in 2023, advocate for robust, secure, and safe AI systems to ensure transparency and accountability in public administration.
2. The 2017 Justice B.N. Srikrishna Committee report provides for the creation of the Data Protection Authority and suggests that algorithmic transparency is a secondary concern compared to data localization.
3. The 2020 MeitY 'Responsible AI for Social Empowerment' framework encompasses guidelines for private sector participation and refers to the 2019 National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy as its primary legal basis.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the OECD AI Principles emphasize human-centric values, transparency, and accountability for trustworthy AI. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Srikrishna Committee report (2018) prioritized data privacy and algorithmic accountability, not data localization as a primary substitute for transparency. Statement 3 is incorrect because the 'Responsible AI for Social Empowerment' (RAISE 2020) initiative focuses on AI for social good and does not rely on the 2012 National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy (NDSAP) as its primary legal basis.
Consider the following statements regarding Generative AI for policy formulation and impact assessment:
1. The 'Responsible AI for Youth' program, initiated by the Department of School Education in 2021, includes provisions for students to design policy simulations, and it is currently overseen by the Ministry of Science and Technology.
2. The 2017 'Report of the Committee of Experts on Artificial Intelligence' refers to the establishment of a National AI Regulatory Authority, and this body is tasked with the certification of all algorithmic policy tools used by state governments.
3. The 2020 'National Data Governance Policy' provides for the creation of a unified central database, and under its framework, the Ministry of Finance launched the 'AI-Tax' portal in 2022 to automate corporate audit assessments.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect: The 'Responsible AI for Youth' program was launched by the Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) in collaboration with Intel, not the Ministry of Science and Technology. The 2017 Committee of Experts report focused on a strategic framework for AI but did not propose a 'National AI Regulatory Authority' for certifying state-level algorithmic tools. Furthermore, the 'National Data Governance Policy' (drafted in 2022) does not mandate a unified central database for corporate audits, and no 'AI-Tax' portal was launched by the Ministry of Finance in 2022.
Consider the following statements regarding AI-driven fraud detection in public financial management:
1. The 2016 Demonetization exercise utilized the 'Operation Clean Money' portal, which was developed by the Reserve Bank of India to integrate blockchain technology for tracking individual cash deposits exceeding 10 lakh rupees.
2. The National Informatics Centre (NIC) launched the 'Bharat-AI' framework in 2019, which provides for the centralized storage of all state-level treasury data to automate the detection of misappropriated funds in local municipal budgets.
3. The 2005 Right to Information Act includes provisions for the 'Digital Audit Cell', which allows the Central Vigilance Commission to deploy predictive AI models for auditing private sector entities receiving government subsidies.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because they describe non-existent or factually misattributed initiatives. 'Operation Clean Money' was launched by the Income Tax Department, not the RBI, and did not utilize blockchain technology for tracking deposits. There is no 'Bharat-AI' framework launched by the NIC in 2019 for treasury data, and the RTI Act of 2005 contains no provisions for a 'Digital Audit Cell' or the deployment of predictive AI models for private sector auditing.
Consider the following statements regarding Explainable AI (XAI) in judicial and administrative processes:
1. The 2016 Montreal Declaration for Responsible AI provides for the implementation of explainability protocols, which the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology adopted as the foundation for the IndiaAI mission.
2. The 2022 National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence in India includes provisions for the automated adjudication of civil disputes, with the Ministry of Law and Justice overseeing the deployment of the e-Courts Phase III project.
3. The 2017 Asilomar AI Principles encompass guidelines for judicial transparency, and these principles serve as the primary legal basis for the development of the AI-driven 'Smart Court' initiative in Singapore.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect: The 2017 Montreal Declaration for Responsible AI is a non-binding ethical framework, not a foundation for the IndiaAI mission; India's 2018 NITI Aayog 'National Strategy for AI' focuses on socio-economic impact rather than automated adjudication of civil disputes; and while the 2017 Asilomar AI Principles are influential ethical guidelines, they hold no legal status in Singapore, where the 'Smart Court' initiative is governed by domestic judicial policies rather than international AI principles.
Consider the following statements regarding Algorithmic bias in automated decision-making systems:
1. The 2022 EU AI Act classifies systems used in law enforcement as high-risk, and it incorporates the technical auditing procedures defined in the 2018 ISO/IEC 23053 standard for machine learning.
2. The 2016 ProPublica investigation into the COMPAS algorithm revealed that Black defendants were twice as likely as white defendants to be misclassified as high-risk for recidivism.
3. The 2019 White House Executive Order 13859 on Maintaining American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence encourages federal agencies to prioritize fairness, and it references the 2017 Asilomar AI Principles as a primary implementation guide.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct as the 2016 ProPublica investigation famously exposed that the COMPAS recidivism algorithm exhibited racial bias, mislabeling Black defendants as high-risk at twice the rate of white defendants. Statement 1 is incorrect because while the EU AI Act does classify law enforcement systems as high-risk, it does not mandate the 2018 ISO/IEC 23053 standard, which is a general framework rather than a regulatory requirement. Statement 3 is incorrect because Executive Order 13859 focused on promoting AI innovation and R&D, and it did not reference the Asilomar AI Principles as a primary implementation guide for federal agencies.
Consider the following statements regarding Blockchain for secure land record management:
1. The 2020 Swamitva scheme provides for the transition to conclusive land titling across all urban municipal corporations and is governed by the 2013 Land Acquisition Act's provisions on digital record-keeping.
2. Smart contracts in land management allow for the automatic execution of title transfers once the pre-defined conditions, such as the payment of stamp duty, are verified by the system.
3. The 2021 NITI Aayog discussion paper on blockchain suggests that distributed ledger technology can reduce the incidence of litigation by providing a single source of truth for land ownership.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the SVAMITVA scheme focuses on mapping rural inhabited lands using drone technology to provide 'Records of Rights' to village households, not urban municipal corporations. Statement 2 is correct as smart contracts automate the transfer of property titles by self-executing once predefined criteria, such as verified stamp duty payments, are met. Statement 3 is correct because NITI Aayog's 2021 discussion paper, 'Blockchain: The India Strategy,' highlights how distributed ledger technology creates an immutable, transparent, and single source of truth, significantly reducing land-related litigation.
Consider the following statements regarding AI-based personalized learning in public education systems:
1. The 'National AI Portal' established in 2019 provides for the automated grading of all state-level board examinations and includes provisions for the direct recruitment of teachers based on algorithmic performance scores.
2. UNESCO’s 2021 'AI and Education: Guidance for Policy-makers' report highlights that adaptive learning systems can adjust the difficulty level of educational content based on real-time student performance data.
3. The 'NIPUN Bharat' mission, initiated in 2021, encourages the use of digital assessment tools that utilize AI to generate customized feedback reports for teachers to improve classroom instruction.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the National AI Portal (INDIAai) serves as a knowledge hub for AI research and development, not for automated grading or teacher recruitment. Statement 2 is correct as UNESCO's 2021 guidance explicitly emphasizes the role of adaptive learning systems in personalizing education through real-time data analytics. Statement 3 is correct because the NIPUN Bharat mission promotes the integration of digital tools and technology-based assessments to track foundational literacy and numeracy, providing actionable insights for teachers.
Consider the following statements regarding Data anonymization techniques for open government data:
1. Perturbation methods involve adding random noise to numerical attributes to prevent re-identification, a protocol adopted by the 2010 Aadhaar Act to secure biometric database access.
2. Pseudonymization replaces private identifiers with artificial identifiers or pseudonyms, a process defined as the primary requirement for data sharing under the 2000 Information Technology Act.
3. The K-anonymity model, introduced by Latanya Sweeney in 2002, ensures that any individual in a released dataset cannot be distinguished from at least k-1 other individuals based on quasi-identifiers.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct as the K-anonymity model, proposed by Latanya Sweeney in 2002, ensures that each individual's record is indistinguishable from at least k-1 others, thereby protecting privacy against identity disclosure. Statement 1 is incorrect because the Aadhaar Act was enacted in 2016, not 2010, and it focuses on biometric authentication rather than specific perturbation protocols for open data. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Information Technology Act, 2000, does not mandate pseudonymization as a primary requirement for data sharing; such standards are governed by the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, and the National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy (NDSAP).
Consider the following statements regarding Digital identity frameworks and biometric authentication security:
1. The NIST Special Publication 800-63B provides technical guidelines for digital identity, specifically defining three levels of assurance for remote identity proofing.
2. The 2019 Personal Data Protection Bill introduced the concept of Data Fiduciaries, and the Joint Committee Report of 2021 recommended the inclusion of non-personal data under the same regulatory framework.
3. The Aadhaar Act, 2016, establishes the Unique Identification Authority of India as a statutory body to issue 12-digit unique identity numbers to residents.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as NIST SP 800-63B establishes three Identity Assurance Levels (IAL) for remote proofing. Statement 3 is correct because the Aadhaar Act, 2016, gave statutory status to the UIDAI to issue 12-digit numbers to residents. Statement 2 is incorrect because while the 2019 Bill introduced 'Data Fiduciaries,' the Joint Committee Report recommended that the regulatory framework focus on personal data, while non-personal data was subsequently addressed under separate policy discussions rather than being formally integrated into that specific Bill's regulatory scope.
Consider the following statements regarding Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) in national data governance:
1. The 2021 National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy (NDSAP) revision incorporates the Digital India Act framework to provide a legal basis for private sector access to non-personal administrative datasets.
2. The National Data Governance Policy (NDGP) draft released in 2022 aims to standardize data collection and management frameworks across various ministries through the India Data Management Office.
3. The 2017 White Paper on Data Protection, authored by the MeitY committee, introduced the concept of Data Sovereignty and established the first mandatory public-private data sharing protocol for the banking sector.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct because the National Data Governance Policy (NDGP) draft (2022) proposes the India Data Management Office (IDMO) to standardize data management and ensure the availability of non-personal data for research and innovation. Statement 1 is incorrect because the NDSAP was notified in 2012, not 2021, and the Digital India Act is a proposed legislative framework intended to replace the IT Act, 2000, rather than a revision of the NDSAP. Statement 3 is incorrect because the 2017 White Paper was produced by the Justice Srikrishna Committee, and while it discussed data protection, it did not establish mandatory public-private data sharing protocols for the banking sector.
Consider the following statements regarding Digital identity frameworks and biometric authentication security:
1. The 2000 Information Technology Act serves as the primary legal instrument for electronic signatures, and the 2008 amendment established the Controller of Certifying Authorities to oversee digital certificate issuance.
2. The ISO/IEC 27001 standard focuses on information security management systems, and the 2013 revision introduced the specific biometric encryption protocols for cloud-based identity verification.
3. The 2017 Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme utilizes blockchain technology for record-keeping, and the pilot phase in Telangana successfully implemented biometric-based smart contracts for property transfers.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the Controller of Certifying Authorities was established by the original IT Act 2000, not the 2008 amendment. Statement 2 is incorrect as ISO/IEC 27001 focuses on Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) and does not contain specific biometric encryption protocols for cloud-based identity verification. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP) does not mandate blockchain for record-keeping, and there is no official pilot phase in Telangana utilizing biometric-based smart contracts for property transfers.