Consider the following statements regarding The role of the Secretary-General as the Chief Executive Officer:
1. Financial autonomy of the NHRC is managed by the Secretary-General through the Consolidated Fund of India, allowing the Commission to bypass the annual parliamentary approval process for its operational budget.
2. The Secretary-General holds the authority to initiate suo motu investigations into custodial deaths, a power granted by the 2019 amendment to the Protection of Human Rights Act.
3. The Secretary-General oversees the investigative wing of the NHRC, which includes police officers on deputation from the Central Bureau of Investigation, as per the 2006 amendment to the Act.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the NHRC's budget is subject to annual parliamentary approval and is not exempt from this process. Statement 2 is incorrect as the power to initiate suo motu investigations rests with the Commission as a body, not the Secretary-General, and the 2019 Amendment Act did not grant this specific investigative power to the Secretary-General. Statement 3 is incorrect because, while the Commission has an investigative wing headed by an officer of the rank of Director General of Police, the Secretary-General acts as the Chief Executive Officer responsible for administrative and financial functions, not the direct oversight of the investigative wing's operational police duties.
Consider the following statements regarding Limitations on NHRC jurisdiction regarding time-barred complaints:
1. The NHRC is restricted from inquiring into matters that occurred more than 365 days prior to the date of the complaint unless the complainant provides a valid justification for the delay.
2. Under the 1993 Act, the Commission is not empowered to inquire into any matter which is pending before a State Human Rights Commission or any other Commission duly constituted under any law for the time being in force.
3. The limitation period of one year for filing complaints before the NHRC is consistent with the statutory framework established under the Protection of Human Rights (Amendment) Act, 2006.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as Section 36(2) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, prohibits the NHRC from inquiring into matters pending for more than one year unless sufficient cause for delay is shown. Statement 2 is correct because Section 36(1) explicitly bars the Commission from inquiring into matters already pending before a State Human Rights Commission or any other statutory commission to prevent jurisdictional overlap. Statement 3 is correct as the one-year limitation period was codified in the original 1993 Act and remains a consistent feature of the statutory framework governing the Commission's inquiry powers.
Consider the following statements regarding NHRC interaction with NGOs and civil society organizations:
1. Section 12(i) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, empowers the Commission to encourage the efforts of non-governmental organizations and institutions working in the field of human rights.
2. As per the NHRC Annual Report 2022-23, the Commission conducted regional workshops in collaboration with civil society partners to sensitize district-level officials on the implementation of the Mental Healthcare Act, 2017.
3. The NHRC maintains a core group of NGOs, which was reconstituted in 2018 to facilitate regular consultations on thematic issues like bonded labor, disability, and the rights of elderly persons.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as Section 12(i) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, explicitly mandates the NHRC to encourage the efforts of NGOs and institutions in the field of human rights. Statement 2 is correct because the NHRC's 2022-23 Annual Report highlights its proactive engagement with civil society to conduct regional workshops for sensitizing district officials on the Mental Healthcare Act, 2017. Statement 3 is correct as the Commission maintains a 'Core Group' of NGOs, which was indeed reconstituted in 2018 to provide expert consultations on critical thematic areas including bonded labor, disability, and elderly rights.
Consider the following statements regarding Amendments to the Protection of Human Rights Act in 2019 and their impact:
1. The 2019 amendment added the chairperson of the National Commission for Backward Classes to the list of ex-officio members of the Commission.
2. The 2019 Act provides for the establishment of Human Rights Courts in every district and changes the eligibility criteria for the chairperson to include retired High Court Chief Justices.
3. The term of office for the chairperson and members of the NHRC was reduced from five years to three years or until they attain the age of seventy years by the 2019 amendment.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the 2019 amendment expanded the ex-officio membership to include the chairpersons of the National Commission for Backward Classes, the National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights, and the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities. Statement 3 is correct because the amendment reduced the tenure of the chairperson and members from five years to three years or until they reach the age of 70. Statement 2 is incorrect because while the Act provides for Human Rights Courts, the eligibility criteria for the chairperson was amended to include retired Supreme Court Judges, not retired High Court Chief Justices.
Consider the following statements regarding Jurisdictional scope regarding violations by armed forces:
1. The Commission maintains a permanent oversight cell for the Armed Forces Special Powers Act, which functions as an appellate body for court-martial decisions.
2. Section 12 of the 1993 Act provides the Commission with the power to conduct on-site inspections of military detention centers without prior notification to the Ministry of Defence.
3. Under the 1993 Act, the Chairperson of the Commission holds the authority to summon the Chief of Army Staff to provide testimony regarding incidents in disturbed areas.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because Section 19 of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, severely restricts the NHRC's jurisdiction over the armed forces; it cannot investigate them directly but can only seek reports from the Central Government and make recommendations. Statement 1 is false as no such oversight cell exists, and the NHRC has no appellate jurisdiction over court-martial proceedings. Statement 2 is false because the Act mandates the Commission to seek reports from the government rather than granting it independent authority for unannounced inspections of military facilities. Statement 3 is false because the Commission lacks the legal power to summon the Chief of Army Staff, as its powers are limited to reviewing reports submitted by the government.
Consider the following statements regarding Role of the Selection Committee in NHRC appointments:
1. The Protection of Human Rights (Amendment) Act, 2019, expanded the Selection Committee to include the Union Minister of Home Affairs as a member alongside the Prime Minister.
2. The Selection Committee for the Chairperson of the National Human Rights Commission includes the Speaker of the Lok Sabha and the Leader of the Opposition in both Houses of Parliament.
3. The Selection Committee follows the recommendations of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes before finalizing the list of candidates for the NHRC chairperson position.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the 2019 Amendment Act added the Union Home Minister to the selection committee, while Statement 2 is correct because the committee includes the PM, Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, leaders of the opposition in both Houses, and the Home Minister. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Protection of Human Rights Act does not mandate any consultation with the National Commission for Scheduled Castes during the selection process for the NHRC Chairperson.
Consider the following statements regarding NHRC functions concerning international treaties and human rights instruments:
1. The NHRC serves as the primary domestic agency for the 1966 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, which established the Commission's current internal monitoring mechanism in 1994.
2. Under the Paris Principles adopted in 1993, the NHRC functions as a national institution to encourage the ratification of international human rights covenants.
3. The Commission provides technical inputs for the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which India ratified in 1979 under the supervision of the NHRC's legal division.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct because the NHRC is mandated under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, to promote and encourage the ratification of international human rights instruments in alignment with the Paris Principles. Statement 1 is incorrect because the NHRC was established in 1993, and it does not serve as the primary domestic agency for the 1966 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. Statement 3 is incorrect because India ratified the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in 1979, which predates the NHRC's establishment by 14 years, making it impossible for the Commission to have supervised that ratification.
Consider the following statements regarding The role of the Secretary-General as the Chief Executive Officer:
1. Under Section 11 of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, the Secretary-General exercises such powers and performs such duties as may be delegated to them by the Chairperson.
2. The appointment of the Secretary-General is governed by the administrative rules framed under the 1993 Act, which allow for the deputation of officers from the All India Services.
3. The administrative and financial powers of the Secretary-General include the authority to approve expenditure for the Commission's regional offices, subject to the budgetary limits set by the Ministry of Home Affairs.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as Section 11 of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, explicitly mandates that the Secretary-General performs duties delegated by the Chairperson. Statement 2 is correct because the NHRC recruits staff, including the Secretary-General, through deputation from All India Services and other central services as per the administrative rules framed under the Act. Statement 3 is correct as the Secretary-General functions as the Chief Executive Officer, exercising delegated financial and administrative powers to manage the Commission's operations and regional offices within the budgetary framework approved by the Ministry of Home Affairs.
Consider the following statements regarding Advisory role and recommendations to the Central and State Governments:
1. Under Section 12(d) of the 1993 Act, the Commission is authorized to review the factors, including acts of terrorism, that inhibit the enjoyment of human rights and suggest appropriate remedial measures.
2. In the 2019 amendment to the Protection of Human Rights Act, the tenure of the Chairperson and members of the Commission was modified to a term of three years or until they attain the age of seventy years.
3. The NHRC submitted its first annual report to the Central Government in 1994, detailing the systemic issues observed in custodial deaths and prison conditions across various states.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as Section 12(d) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, explicitly mandates the NHRC to review factors, including acts of terrorism, that inhibit human rights. Statement 2 is correct because the 2019 Amendment Act reduced the tenure of the Chairperson and members from five years to three years, while maintaining the upper age limit of seventy years. Statement 3 is correct as the NHRC was established in October 1993 and submitted its inaugural annual report in 1994, which prominently highlighted critical concerns regarding custodial deaths and the deteriorating state of prison administration.
Consider the following statements regarding Financial autonomy and the process of grants from the Central Government:
1. Section 32 of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, authorizes the Central Government to provide grants-in-aid to the Commission after due appropriation made by Parliament by law.
2. The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, provides for the Commission to receive a fixed percentage of the annual Union Budget, which is disbursed quarterly by the Ministry of Finance.
3. The National Human Rights Commission receives its financial grants directly from the Central Government under the head of the Ministry of Home Affairs.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as Section 32 of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, mandates that the Central Government provide grants to the Commission following due parliamentary appropriation. Statement 3 is correct because the NHRC functions under the administrative control of the Ministry of Home Affairs, which serves as the nodal ministry for its financial grants. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Act does not prescribe any fixed percentage of the Union Budget for the Commission; instead, its funding is determined annually through the standard budgetary allocation process based on its requirements.
Consider the following statements regarding NHRC power to intervene in court proceedings involving human rights:
1. The Chairperson of the Commission holds the authority to initiate suo motu intervention in ongoing Supreme Court proceedings under the provisions of the 1993 Act without seeking prior judicial concurrence.
2. The Protection of Human Rights Act provides for the Commission to act as an amicus curiae in all High Court matters concerning custodial deaths, provided the State Government has issued a formal notification.
3. The Commission maintains a permanent legal cell that represents victims in criminal trials, drawing its operational budget directly from the Consolidated Fund of India as per the 2006 amendment.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, does not grant the NHRC power to intervene in court proceedings suo motu without judicial permission, nor does it mandate the Commission to act as an amicus curiae based on State Government notifications. Furthermore, the NHRC does not maintain a legal cell to represent victims in criminal trials, and its funding is provided through grants from the Central Government as approved by Parliament, not directly from the Consolidated Fund of India via a 2006 amendment.
Consider the following statements regarding Jurisdictional scope regarding violations by armed forces:
1. Under Section 19 of the Protection of Human Rights Act 1993, the Commission is restricted from inquiring into acts of armed forces members directly.
2. After receiving the government report, the Commission can make recommendations to the Central Government regarding the alleged human rights violation.
3. The Commission, upon receiving a complaint regarding armed forces, may seek a report from the Central Government within a specified time frame.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Under Section 19 of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, the NHRC cannot directly inquire into acts of armed forces but must seek a report from the Central Government. Upon receiving this report, the Commission evaluates the facts and makes recommendations to the government, which is then required to inform the Commission of the action taken within three months. Since the Act mandates this specific procedural protocol for the armed forces, all three statements accurately reflect the legal framework governing the Commission's jurisdictional limitations and reporting requirements.
Consider the following statements regarding Jurisdictional scope regarding violations by armed forces:
1. The Commission publishes the report submitted by the Central Government along with its own recommendations in its annual report to Parliament.
2. The Central Government is required to inform the Commission of the action taken on its recommendations within three months of receipt.
3. The Protection of Human Rights Act 1993 allows the Commission to initiate independent judicial proceedings against armed forces personnel if the Central Government fails to respond within 60 days.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Under Section 19 of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, the Commission can only seek a report from the Central Government regarding allegations of human rights violations by armed forces and subsequently make recommendations, which must be communicated to the government. The Central Government is mandated to inform the Commission of the action taken on these recommendations within three months, and the Commission must publish both the report and its recommendations in its annual report. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Act does not empower the Commission to initiate independent judicial proceedings against armed forces personnel; it is restricted to making recommendations and submitting reports to the government.
Consider the following statements regarding Relationship between NHRC and State Human Rights Commissions:
1. Section 13 of the 1993 Act grants the National Human Rights Commission the power to investigate cases of human rights violations in states even when a State Human Rights Commission is already actively seized of the same matter.
2. The Protection of Human Rights (Amendment) Act of 2019 provides for the inclusion of the Chief Justice of the High Court as a permanent member of the selection committee for the appointment of State Human Rights Commission members.
3. The National Human Rights Commission exercises administrative control over the State Human Rights Commissions, and the annual report of the state body is submitted to the National Commission before being presented to the State Legislature.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because under Section 13 of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, the NHRC cannot inquire into a matter already pending before a State Human Rights Commission. Statement 2 is incorrect because the 2019 Amendment Act specifies that the selection committee for the State Commission includes the Chief Justice of the High Court only for the appointment of the Chairperson, not for all members. Statement 3 is incorrect as the NHRC exercises no administrative control over State Commissions, and state reports are submitted directly to the respective State Governments for tabling in the State Legislature, not to the NHRC.
Consider the following statements regarding Implementation status of NHRC recommendations and non-binding nature:
1. The annual report of the National Human Rights Commission is submitted to the Central Government and the respective State Governments, which then lay it before the Parliament or State Legislature.
2. In the case of Paramjit Kaur v. State of Punjab, the Supreme Court observed that the recommendations of the Commission carry significant weight despite their non-binding character.
3. The Commission maintains a formal mechanism for the direct implementation of its remedial measures, and the 2006 amendment to the Act empowered the Chairperson to initiate criminal proceedings against non-compliant state agencies.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as per Section 20 of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, which mandates that the Commission's annual reports be laid before the Parliament and State Legislatures. Statement 2 is correct because, in Paramjit Kaur v. State of Punjab (1999), the Supreme Court affirmed that while NHRC recommendations are not binding, they are of great significance and should not be ignored by authorities without cogent reasons. Statement 3 is incorrect because the NHRC lacks the power to directly implement its recommendations or initiate criminal proceedings; it can only make recommendations to the government or approach the Supreme Court/High Court for appropriate directions.
Consider the following statements regarding Role of NHRC in reviewing constitutional and legal safeguards:
1. The Commission maintains a dedicated Core Advisory Group on Disability and Elderly Persons to periodically review the adequacy of existing legal safeguards and suggest legislative amendments.
2. The NHRC is empowered under Section 12(f) of the 1993 Act to study treaties and other international instruments on human rights and make recommendations for their effective implementation by the Union Government.
3. Under the 1993 legislation, the NHRC possesses the power to initiate suo motu investigations into the conduct of the judiciary, and it maintains a permanent liaison office with the Law Commission of India.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the NHRC constitutes various Core Advisory Groups, including those for Disability and Elderly Persons, to provide expert inputs on legal and policy frameworks. Statement 2 is correct because Section 12(f) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, explicitly mandates the Commission to study international treaties and recommend their effective implementation. Statement 3 is incorrect because the NHRC is statutorily barred from investigating the conduct of the judiciary under Section 19 of the Act, and it does not maintain a permanent liaison office with the Law Commission of India.
Consider the following statements regarding Relationship between NHRC and State Human Rights Commissions:
1. State Human Rights Commissions are empowered to inquire into violations of human rights related to matters specified in the Union List of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution, provided the National Commission grants prior written consent.
2. The Protection of Human Rights Act of 1993 allows the National Human Rights Commission to transfer complaints to a State Human Rights Commission if the subject matter falls within the jurisdiction of the state.
3. The Chairperson of the National Human Rights Commission holds the authority to remove a member of a State Human Rights Commission on grounds of proved misbehavior, following an inquiry conducted by the Supreme Court of India.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct because under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, the NHRC can transfer complaints to the SHRC if they fall within the state's jurisdiction. Statement 1 is incorrect because SHRCs are specifically barred from inquiring into matters listed in the Union List (List I) of the Seventh Schedule, and they cannot override this restriction even with NHRC consent. Statement 3 is incorrect because the power to remove a member of an SHRC lies solely with the President of India, not the NHRC Chairperson, following an inquiry by the Supreme Court.
Consider the following statements regarding Tenure, removal process, and conditions of service of members:
1. The removal of the NHRC Chairperson follows the same procedure as the removal of a Judge of a High Court, involving a motion passed by the state legislature where the commission is headquartered.
2. The salaries, allowances, and other conditions of service of the Chairperson and members are determined by the Ministry of Home Affairs through administrative notifications issued under the 2019 rules.
3. The Chairperson of the NHRC holds office for a term of five years or until they attain the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier, as per the original 1993 enactment.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the Chairperson and members of the NHRC are removed by the President of India on the grounds of proved misbehavior or incapacity, following an inquiry by the Supreme Court, not by a state legislature. Statement 2 is incorrect as the salaries and conditions of service are determined by the Central Government, not specifically the Ministry of Home Affairs, and the 2019 amendment rules modified these provisions. Statement 3 is incorrect because the 2019 amendment reduced the tenure of the Chairperson and members from five years to three years, or until they attain the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier.
Consider the following statements regarding Financial autonomy and the process of grants from the Central Government:
1. Under the 2019 amendment to the Protection of Human Rights Act, the Commission is authorized to levy administrative fees on private institutions for conducting human rights awareness workshops.
2. The Chairperson of the Commission holds the status of a Cabinet Minister, and the financial autonomy of the office is governed by the same protocols as the Election Commission of India under Article 324.
3. The Commission maintains a separate fund known as the Human Rights Development Fund, which allows for the direct receipt of international grants without prior clearance from the Ministry of External Affairs.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because the Protection of Human Rights Act does not authorize the NHRC to levy administrative fees on private institutions, nor does it establish a 'Human Rights Development Fund' for independent international grants, which remain subject to FCRA regulations and government oversight. Furthermore, the Chairperson of the NHRC does not hold the status of a Cabinet Minister, and the Commission's financial autonomy is not governed by Article 324, as it is a statutory body dependent on grants provided by the Central Government through the Ministry of Home Affairs.
Consider the following statements regarding Composition and appointment mechanism of the Chairperson and Members:
1. The National Human Rights Commission includes the Chairpersons of the National Commission for Minorities, the National Commission for Scheduled Castes, and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes as ex-officio members.
2. The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, allows the President to remove the Chairperson from office on the grounds of proved misbehavior after an inquiry conducted by the Union Public Service Commission.
3. The term of office for the Chairperson and members of the National Human Rights Commission is three years or until they attain the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, mandates the inclusion of chairpersons of the National Commissions for Minorities, SCs, STs, Women, Backward Classes, Protection of Child Rights, and the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities as ex-officio members. Statement 3 is correct because the 2019 amendment reduced the tenure of the Chairperson and members from five years to three years or until the age of 70, whichever is earlier. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Chairperson can only be removed by the President on the grounds of proved misbehavior or incapacity following an inquiry conducted by the Supreme Court of India, not the Union Public Service Commission.
Consider the following statements regarding Suo motu cognizance and inquiry procedures:
1. Under Section 13 of the Act, the Commission possesses the powers of a civil court while trying a suit under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.
2. The Chairperson of the National Human Rights Commission is appointed by the President based on the recommendations of a six-member selection committee.
3. In the case of Paramjit Kaur v. State of Punjab, the Supreme Court clarified the scope of the Commission's jurisdiction regarding the investigation of police encounters.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as Section 13 of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, grants the NHRC civil court powers, including summoning witnesses and examining evidence. Statement 2 is correct because the Chairperson is appointed by the President on the recommendation of a six-member committee comprising the PM, Speaker of Lok Sabha, Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha, leaders of the opposition in both houses, and the Union Home Minister. Statement 3 is correct as the Supreme Court in Paramjit Kaur v. State of Punjab (1999) affirmed the NHRC's authority to investigate police encounters, emphasizing its role in upholding human rights despite the existence of other judicial remedies.
Consider the following statements regarding NHRC power to intervene in court proceedings involving human rights:
1. The Commission functions as an appellate body for human rights litigation, allowing it to intervene in court proceedings where the petitioner has exhausted all lower court remedies since the 2019 amendment.
2. The Commission is empowered to appoint private legal counsel to represent the interests of the state in court proceedings where the state is a party to a human rights violation claim.
3. The Commission includes provisions for its members to preside over special human rights courts established under Section 30 of the Act to expedite the trial of offenses involving state actors.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
The NHRC does not function as an appellate body, nor does it have the power to intervene in court proceedings based on exhaustion of remedies; instead, under Section 12(b) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, it can only intervene in court proceedings with the court's approval. The Commission lacks the authority to appoint legal counsel for the state, as it acts as an independent oversight body rather than a legal representative for the government. Furthermore, the Act does not empower NHRC members to preside over special human rights courts, as these courts are established by state governments in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court to be presided over by a Sessions Judge.
Consider the following statements regarding Advisory role and recommendations to the Central and State Governments:
1. The Commission operates under the administrative oversight of the Ministry of Law and Justice, which facilitates the direct implementation of its recommendations concerning judicial reforms and legal aid programs since 1993.
2. The NHRC is empowered by the 1993 Act to issue binding directives to the Union Home Ministry regarding the immediate suspension of police officers involved in custodial violence cases reported during the 2005-2010 period.
3. The Protection of Human Rights Act of 1993 empowers the NHRC to review the safeguards provided by or under the Constitution for the protection of human rights and recommend measures for their effective implementation.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct because Section 12(a) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, explicitly mandates the NHRC to review constitutional and legal safeguards for human rights and suggest effective implementation measures. Statement 1 is incorrect because the NHRC is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Home Affairs, not the Ministry of Law and Justice, and its recommendations are advisory rather than directly implemented by a specific ministry. Statement 2 is incorrect because the NHRC's recommendations are purely recommendatory and not binding on the government, and the Act does not grant the Commission the power to issue binding directives for the suspension of police officers.
Consider the following statements regarding NHRC interaction with NGOs and civil society organizations:
1. In accordance with the Paris Principles, the NHRC allows civil society organizations to represent victims during the oral hearing stage of proceedings, provided the NGO has been active in the relevant field for at least fifteen years.
2. The Commission's advisory committee on civil society engagement, formed in 1998, serves as the primary body responsible for vetting the political affiliations of NGO members before they are invited to participate in regional human rights conferences.
3. The NHRC guidelines on NGO interaction, updated in 2010, permit civil society organizations to access the Commission's internal case management database to track the status of complaints filed by marginalized communities.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because the NHRC does not impose a fifteen-year experience requirement for NGOs to represent victims, nor does it have an advisory committee tasked with vetting political affiliations, which would contradict its mandate of independence. Furthermore, the NHRC does not grant NGOs access to its internal case management database for security and privacy reasons, as it operates under strict confidentiality protocols regarding sensitive complaint data.
Consider the following statements regarding NHRC powers relating to inquiries and summoning of witnesses:
1. Under the rules of procedure adopted in 1994, the Commission functions as a tribunal with the power to award interim compensation to victims, which is enforceable as a decree of a civil court under the Indian Evidence Act.
2. The Commission maintains a permanent investigative wing headed by an officer of the rank of Director General of Police, who possesses the legal authority to record confessions that are admissible as primary evidence in criminal courts.
3. The Protection of Human Rights Act provides that the Commission can review the proceedings of ongoing judicial trials in subordinate courts if the presiding judge has not submitted a progress report within 30 days.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the NHRC is a recommendatory body, not a tribunal, and its recommendations for compensation are not enforceable as a decree of a civil court. Statement 2 is incorrect because while the NHRC has an investigative wing, its officers do not have the authority to record confessions that are admissible as primary evidence in criminal courts under the Indian Evidence Act. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Protection of Human Rights Act does not empower the Commission to review ongoing judicial proceedings or intervene in the functioning of subordinate courts.
Consider the following statements regarding Role of the Selection Committee in NHRC appointments:
1. The Selection Committee functions under the oversight of the President of India, who holds the authority to veto any nominee recommended by the committee members.
2. The Union Minister of Law and Justice holds a permanent seat on the Selection Committee, a role defined in the original 1993 notification regarding human rights appointments.
3. The Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha is replaced by the senior-most member of the Public Accounts Committee if the position remains vacant during the selection process.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the President appoints the Chairperson and members based on the recommendations of a high-level committee, and the Act does not grant the President a veto over these specific recommendations. Statement 2 is incorrect as the Selection Committee consists of the Prime Minister (Chair), Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Union Home Minister, Leaders of Opposition in both Houses, and Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha; the Law Minister is not a member. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Protection of Human Rights Act specifies that if the Leader of Opposition position is vacant, the leader of the largest opposition party in that House serves on the committee, not the senior-most member of the Public Accounts Committee.
Consider the following statements regarding NHRC power to visit jails and detention centers:
1. In the case of Paramjit Kaur v. State of Punjab (1999), the Supreme Court observed that the Commission acts as a watchdog of human rights in the country.
2. The Commission conducts inspections of prisons to study the living conditions of inmates and makes recommendations thereon to the Government under the provisions of the 1993 Act.
3. The Commission issued the 'Advisory on Prison Management' in May 2020 to address the overcrowding of jails during the COVID-19 pandemic.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the Supreme Court in Paramjit Kaur v. State of Punjab (1999) explicitly recognized the NHRC as a 'watchdog' of human rights. Statement 2 is correct because Section 12(c) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, empowers the Commission to visit jails or any other detention centers to study the living conditions of inmates and make recommendations. Statement 3 is correct because the NHRC issued the 'Advisory on Prison Management' in May 2020 to mitigate the risks of COVID-19 transmission by addressing severe overcrowding in correctional facilities. No statements are false.
Consider the following statements regarding Annual and special reports submission to the Parliament:
1. The National Human Rights Commission submits its annual report to the Central Government under the provisions of Section 20 of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.
2. The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, allows the Commission to present its annual report directly to the Speaker of the Lok Sabha and the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
3. State Human Rights Commissions are empowered to submit their annual reports to the Union Ministry of Home Affairs, which then forwards them to the respective State Legislatures.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as Section 20 of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, mandates the NHRC to submit its annual and special reports to the Central Government, which then lays them before each House of Parliament. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Act does not permit direct submission to the Speaker or Chairman; the reports must be routed through the Central Government. Statement 3 is incorrect because State Human Rights Commissions are required to submit their annual and special reports to the respective State Governments, which then lay them before the State Legislature, not the Union Ministry of Home Affairs.
Consider the following statements regarding Role of NHRC in reviewing constitutional and legal safeguards:
1. The 1993 Act provides for the Commission to act as the primary appellate authority for judicial decisions involving fundamental rights, and it submits its annual report directly to the Supreme Court of India.
2. Section 12(d) of the 1993 Act authorizes the Commission to review the factors, including acts of terrorism, that inhibit the enjoyment of human rights and recommend appropriate remedial measures.
3. The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, empowers the NHRC to review the safeguards provided by or under the Constitution for the protection of human rights and recommend measures for their effective implementation.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the NHRC is not an appellate authority for judicial decisions, and under Section 20 of the 1993 Act, it submits its annual report to the Central and State Governments, not the Supreme Court. Statement 2 is correct as Section 12(d) explicitly mandates the Commission to review factors, including acts of terrorism, that inhibit human rights enjoyment. Statement 3 is correct because Section 12(a) of the Act empowers the NHRC to review constitutional and legal safeguards to ensure their effective implementation.
Consider the following statements regarding Tenure, removal process, and conditions of service of members:
1. The Protection of Human Rights Act provides that the Chairperson of the NHRC is eligible for further employment under the Government of India or the government of any state upon completion of their term.
2. Section 6 of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, provides that a person who has held the office of Chairperson or a member is eligible for reappointment to that office.
3. The Chairperson of the National Commission for Minorities serves as an ex-officio member of the NHRC, contributing to the commission's oversight of human rights violations since the 1993 inception.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct as Section 6 of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, explicitly permits the reappointment of the Chairperson and members. Statement 1 is incorrect because the Act mandates that upon ceasing to hold office, the Chairperson and members are ineligible for any further employment under the Government of India or any State Government. Statement 3 is incorrect because, while the Chairperson of the National Commission for Minorities is an ex-officio member, this provision was added via the 2006 amendment to the Act, not since its 1993 inception.
Consider the following statements regarding NHRC power to intervene in court proceedings involving human rights:
1. Under the 1993 Act, the Commission is authorized to review the final judgments of the Supreme Court regarding human rights violations and suggest modifications to the presiding bench.
2. Section 12(b) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, empowers the Commission to intervene in any proceeding involving any allegation of violation of human rights pending before a court with the approval of such court.
3. The Commission possesses the power to transfer human rights cases from a subordinate court to the High Court if the proceedings exceed a duration of three years as specified in the 1993 statute.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct as Section 12(b) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, explicitly grants the NHRC the power to intervene in court proceedings involving human rights violations, subject to the court's approval. Statement 1 is incorrect because the NHRC has no legal authority to review or suggest modifications to final judgments of the Supreme Court, as it is a statutory body subordinate to the judiciary. Statement 3 is incorrect because the 1993 Act does not confer any power upon the Commission to transfer cases between courts, nor does it contain any provision linking case transferability to a three-year duration.
Consider the following statements regarding Financial autonomy and the process of grants from the Central Government:
1. The administrative expenses of the Commission, including salaries, allowances, and pensions of its members and officers, are charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India.
2. The Commission is required to submit its annual report to the Central Government, which is then laid before each House of Parliament along with a memorandum of action taken on the recommendations.
3. The accounts of the Commission are audited by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, and the audit report is forwarded to the Central Government for parliamentary review.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
All three statements are correct under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. Statement 1 is accurate as Section 33 mandates that administrative expenses be charged to the Consolidated Fund of India to ensure institutional independence. Statement 2 is correct per Section 20, which requires the Commission to submit its annual report to the Central Government for tabling in both Houses of Parliament with an Action Taken Report. Statement 3 is correct as Section 34 stipulates that the accounts are audited by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India, whose report is subsequently presented to the legislature.
Consider the following statements regarding Relationship between NHRC and State Human Rights Commissions:
1. Under Section 12 of the 1993 Act, the National Human Rights Commission maintains the authority to review the safeguards provided by the Constitution for the protection of human rights in any state.
2. Section 21 of the Protection of Human Rights Act permits a state government to constitute a State Human Rights Commission for the performance of functions relating to human rights in the state list and concurrent list.
3. The Chairperson of a State Human Rights Commission is appointed by the Governor based on the recommendations of a committee consisting of the Chief Minister, the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, and the Leader of the Opposition.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as Section 12 of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, empowers the NHRC to review constitutional and legal safeguards for human rights across all states. Statement 2 is correct because Section 21 mandates that State Human Rights Commissions (SHRCs) handle subjects enumerated in the State and Concurrent Lists of the Seventh Schedule. Statement 3 is correct as the SHRC Chairperson is appointed by the Governor upon the recommendation of a selection committee comprising the Chief Minister (chair), Speaker, State Home Minister, and Leader of the Opposition.
Consider the following statements regarding Implementation status of NHRC recommendations and non-binding nature:
1. The Paris Principles, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1993, serve as the international benchmark for the establishment and functioning of national human rights institutions.
2. Section 12 of the Protection of Human Rights Act allows the Commission to review the constitutional safeguards provided for the protection of human rights and provides for the automatic suspension of public officials upon its recommendation.
3. The 1993 Act provides for the Commission to issue binding directives in cases involving custodial deaths, and these orders are enforceable under the Code of Civil Procedure of 1908.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Paris Principles, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1993, provide the foundational standards for the status and functioning of national human rights institutions. Statement 2 is incorrect because the NHRC holds only recommendatory powers and lacks the authority to order the automatic suspension of public officials. Statement 3 is incorrect because the NHRC's recommendations are not binding; it functions as a civil court only for the purpose of summoning witnesses and examining evidence under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, but it cannot issue binding directives or enforce its own orders.
Consider the following statements regarding Composition and appointment mechanism of the Chairperson and Members:
1. The selection committee for the appointment of the Chairperson and members includes the Speaker of the House of the People and the Leader of the Opposition in both Houses of Parliament.
2. The Chairperson of the National Human Rights Commission is appointed by the President on the recommendation of a committee chaired by the Prime Minister.
3. Section 3 of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, provides that a person who has been a Chief Justice or a Judge of the Supreme Court is eligible to be appointed as the Chairperson.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
All three statements are correct according to the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 (as amended in 2019). The selection committee, chaired by the Prime Minister, includes the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the Leaders of the Opposition in both Houses, and the Union Home Minister, ensuring a multi-party oversight mechanism. Furthermore, the Chairperson is appointed by the President based on these recommendations, and the eligibility criteria explicitly mandate that the Chairperson must be a person who has served as a Chief Justice or a Judge of the Supreme Court.
Consider the following statements regarding Role of NHRC in reviewing constitutional and legal safeguards:
1. The Protection of Human Rights (Amendment) Act, 2019, provides for the inclusion of the Chairperson of the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights as a member, and it grants the NHRC jurisdiction over military courts.
2. The Commission is authorized under the 1993 Act to review the implementation of the Directive Principles of State Policy, and it holds the power to issue binding directives to State Human Rights Commissions.
3. The NHRC operates under the administrative control of the Ministry of Law and Justice, and it serves as the central agency for the ratification of international human rights conventions signed by the President.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the 2019 Amendment Act excludes the NHRC from jurisdiction over the armed forces, instead requiring a report from the Central Government regarding human rights violations by military personnel. Statement 2 is incorrect because the NHRC is a recommendatory body and lacks the power to issue binding directives to State Human Rights Commissions. Statement 3 is incorrect because the NHRC functions under the Ministry of Home Affairs, and the ratification of international treaties is a sovereign executive function of the Union Government, not a mandate of the Commission.
Consider the following statements regarding Role of the Selection Committee in NHRC appointments:
1. The Selection Committee includes the Deputy Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha, who participates in the shortlisting of candidates for the NHRC as per the 2006 administrative guidelines.
2. The Chief Justice of India chairs the Selection Committee for the National Human Rights Commission, a practice established during the 1993 legislative drafting process.
3. The Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha serves as the presiding officer of the Selection Committee, which oversees the appointment of members under the 1993 Act provisions.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
The Selection Committee for the NHRC, as per the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, is chaired by the Prime Minister and includes the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the Ministers of Home Affairs, the Leaders of Opposition in both Houses, and the Deputy Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha. Statement 1 is incorrect because the Deputy Chairperson is a member of the committee by statute, not by 2006 administrative guidelines. Statement 2 is incorrect as the Prime Minister, not the Chief Justice of India, chairs the committee. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Prime Minister, not the Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha (Vice President), serves as the presiding officer.
Consider the following statements regarding NHRC interaction with NGOs and civil society organizations:
1. The Commission established a permanent NGO liaison cell in 2005, which holds the authority to register formal complaints against state governments on behalf of civil society groups without seeking prior authorization from the Chairperson.
2. The NHRC provides direct financial grants to registered NGOs under the 1993 Act, and these organizations are permitted to utilize such funds for conducting independent judicial inquiries into custodial deaths.
3. Under the Protection of Human Rights (Amendment) Act, 2019, the NHRC is empowered to appoint representatives from international civil society organizations as ex-officio members of the Commission to oversee state-level human rights monitoring.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because the NHRC does not possess these specific powers under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 or its 2019 amendment. Statement 1 is false as the Commission maintains a core group of NGOs for consultation, but no such autonomous liaison cell exists with the power to bypass the Chairperson for filing complaints. Statement 2 is incorrect because the NHRC does not provide direct financial grants for independent judicial inquiries, as such inquiries remain the exclusive domain of the judiciary or the Commission itself. Statement 3 is false because the 2019 Amendment Act does not authorize the appointment of international civil society representatives as ex-officio members, as the composition of the Commission is strictly defined by statute.
Consider the following statements regarding NHRC power to visit jails and detention centers:
1. The 1993 Act provides for the establishment of a National Prison Inspectorate under the Ministry of Home Affairs, which functions as the primary investigative arm for the Commission's jail visits.
2. The Commission's authority to visit detention centers was expanded by the 2006 Amendment to the 1993 Act, which granted it the power to initiate criminal proceedings against jail superintendents for custodial deaths.
3. Section 12(c) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, empowers the Commission to visit, under intimation to the State Government, any jail or any other institution where persons are detained.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct as Section 12(c) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, explicitly mandates the Commission to visit jails or detention centers to study the living conditions of inmates, subject to intimation to the State Government. Statement 1 is incorrect because the Act does not provide for a 'National Prison Inspectorate' under the Ministry of Home Affairs; the NHRC conducts visits through its own investigative staff or specialized committees. Statement 2 is incorrect because the 2006 Amendment did not grant the NHRC the power to initiate criminal proceedings; the Commission holds recommendatory powers and can only suggest the initiation of legal proceedings or provide compensation, as it lacks the authority to prosecute officials directly.
Consider the following statements regarding The role of the Secretary-General as the Chief Executive Officer:
1. The 1993 Act provides for the Secretary-General to act as the ex-officio member of the National Commission for Minorities, facilitating inter-institutional coordination on human rights policy.
2. The Secretary-General of the NHRC holds the rank of Secretary to the Government of India and functions as the Chief Executive Officer of the Commission.
3. The Secretary-General is appointed directly by the President of India on the recommendation of a high-level committee, which also oversees the selection of the NHRC Chairperson.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct as the Secretary-General of the NHRC functions as the Chief Executive Officer and holds the rank of Secretary to the Government of India, as per the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. Statement 1 is incorrect because the 1993 Act does not designate the Secretary-General as an ex-officio member of the National Commission for Minorities. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Secretary-General is appointed by the Commission itself, not by the President, and the high-level committee mentioned is exclusively responsible for the appointment of the Chairperson and members of the NHRC, not the administrative staff.
Consider the following statements regarding Suo motu cognizance and inquiry procedures:
1. The Protection of Human Rights Act of 1993 empowers the Commission to initiate inquiries into human rights violations on its own motion.
2. Section 12 of the 1993 Act provides the Commission the authority to intervene in any proceeding involving an allegation of violation of human rights pending before a court.
3. The Commission maintains a dedicated portal for the online registration of complaints, which processed over 80,000 cases during the 2022-23 financial year.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, explicitly empowers the NHRC under Section 12 to inquire into human rights violations either suo motu or on a petition, and also grants it the authority to intervene in court proceedings involving such allegations with judicial approval. Statement 3 is factually accurate as the NHRC utilizes the 'HRCNet' portal for centralized complaint management, which recorded over 80,000 cases in the 2022-23 period as per its annual reporting data. Since all three statements align with the statutory provisions and official performance data of the Commission, they are entirely correct.
Consider the following statements regarding NHRC power to visit jails and detention centers:
1. Under the 1993 Act, the Commission has the power to review the safeguards provided by or under the Constitution for the protection of human rights in detention centers.
2. The Commission maintains a system of prison visiting by its members and officers to ensure compliance with the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners.
3. The 1993 Act encompasses the role of the State Human Rights Commission in monitoring juvenile detention homes, and the National Commission holds the appellate jurisdiction over these state-level findings.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as Section 12(c) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, explicitly empowers the NHRC to visit jails and detention centers to study the living conditions of inmates and make recommendations. Statement 2 is correct because the NHRC proactively conducts prison visits and monitors compliance with the UN Standard Minimum Rules (Nelson Mandela Rules) to uphold prisoner dignity. Statement 3 is incorrect because the 1993 Act does not grant the NHRC appellate jurisdiction over State Human Rights Commissions; furthermore, the monitoring of juvenile detention homes is primarily governed by the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, which designates specific bodies like the Juvenile Justice Boards and Child Welfare Committees for oversight.
Consider the following statements regarding Amendments to the Protection of Human Rights Act in 2019 and their impact:
1. The 2019 amendment allows for the chairperson of the NHRC to be a person who has held the office of Chief Justice of India or has been a Judge of the Supreme Court.
2. The 2019 amendment includes the chairperson of the National Commission for Women as a deemed member and grants the Commission the authority to directly appoint its own Secretary-General.
3. The Protection of Human Rights Act was amended in 2019 to allow the NHRC to investigate cases of human rights violations in Union Territories through the Administrator of the respective territory.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct because the 2019 Amendment expanded the eligibility for the NHRC Chairperson to include both former Chief Justices and former Judges of the Supreme Court. Statement 2 is incorrect because while the amendment increased the number of deemed members to include heads of various commissions, it did not grant the NHRC the power to appoint its own Secretary-General, as this remains a function of the Central Government. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Act mandates that human rights matters in Union Territories, except Delhi, are dealt with by the respective State Commissions, and the NHRC does not operate through the Administrator of the territory.
Consider the following statements regarding Composition and appointment mechanism of the Chairperson and Members:
1. A person who has served as a Judge of a High Court for at least five years is eligible for appointment as a member of the Commission, provided they are recommended by the Chief Justice of India.
2. The selection committee for the appointment of members includes the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha and the Union Minister of Law and Justice, as provided under the 2006 amendment to the Act.
3. The Chairperson of the National Human Rights Commission is appointed by the President based on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers, following the convention established by the 1993 Act.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because a High Court Judge must have served as a Judge of a High Court, not specifically for five years, and the appointment is made by a high-level committee, not the Chief Justice of India. Statement 2 is incorrect because the selection committee, as per the Protection of Human Rights Act, includes the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha (not Deputy) and the Leader of the Opposition in both Houses, and there was no such 2006 amendment. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Chairperson is appointed by the President on the recommendation of a statutory six-member selection committee, not merely on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers.
Consider the following statements regarding NHRC powers relating to inquiries and summoning of witnesses:
1. The Commission is authorized to directly conduct search and seizure operations at private premises, a provision included in the 2006 Amendment to the Protection of Human Rights Act to expedite the collection of evidence.
2. The Commission holds the authority to initiate criminal prosecution against witnesses who fail to appear, a power granted by the 1993 Act to mirror the judicial functions of the High Courts under Article 226.
3. Under the 1993 Act, the Commission possesses the power to issue arrest warrants for individuals residing outside the territorial jurisdiction of the National Capital Territory of Delhi during the pendency of an inquiry.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All statements are incorrect because the NHRC functions as a civil court, not a criminal one; it lacks the power to conduct search and seizure operations, initiate criminal prosecutions, or issue arrest warrants. Under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, the Commission's powers are limited to summoning witnesses, examining them on oath, and requiring the production of documents, but it cannot exercise the coercive criminal powers typically reserved for the judiciary or law enforcement agencies. Consequently, the Commission can only make recommendations to the government or courts rather than executing judicial orders like warrants or prosecutions.
Consider the following statements regarding Advisory role and recommendations to the Central and State Governments:
1. The Commission maintains a dedicated Core Advisory Group on Disability and Elderly Persons to provide specialized inputs for its recommendations to the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.
2. As per the 1993 legislation, the Commission possesses the authority to visit, under intimation to the State Government, any jail or any other institution where persons are detained for purposes of treatment or reformation.
3. The 1993 Act provides for the establishment of State Human Rights Commissions in every Union Territory, which are tasked with submitting their quarterly performance audits directly to the Parliament of India.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the NHRC maintains various Core Advisory Groups, including those for Disability and Elderly persons, to provide expert inputs for policy recommendations. Statement 2 is correct under Section 12(c) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, which empowers the Commission to visit jails or detention centers to study the living conditions of inmates. Statement 3 is incorrect because the 1993 Act allows the Central Government to establish State Human Rights Commissions for states, but for Union Territories (except Delhi), the NHRC itself exercises these functions, and there is no provision for submitting quarterly performance audits directly to the Parliament.
Consider the following statements regarding Statutory basis under Protection of Human Rights Act 1993:
1. The Act provides for the establishment of State Human Rights Commissions in every state, which function under the administrative control and financial supervision of the National Human Rights Commission.
2. The NHRC submits its annual report to the Ministry of Home Affairs, which then tables the document before the Rajya Sabha for discussion within three months of receipt.
3. The NHRC consists of a Chairperson, five full-time members, and seven deemed members who head various national commissions like the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and the National Commission for Women.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct as the NHRC composition includes a Chairperson, five full-time members, and seven deemed members representing various national commissions. Statement 1 is incorrect because State Human Rights Commissions are autonomous bodies established under the Act and do not function under the administrative or financial control of the NHRC. Statement 2 is incorrect because the NHRC submits its annual report to the Central Government, which is then required to lay it before both Houses of Parliament, not just the Rajya Sabha, and there is no statutory requirement for a discussion within three months.
Consider the following statements regarding NHRC functions concerning international treaties and human rights instruments:
1. The Commission holds 'A' status accreditation with the Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions, allowing it to participate in sessions of the UN Human Rights Council.
2. The NHRC coordinates with the Ministry of External Affairs to prepare India's periodic reports regarding the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
3. The NHRC facilitates capacity-building workshops for government officials on the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture, which India signed in 1997.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the NHRC has held 'A' status accreditation since 1999, granting it full participation rights in UN human rights bodies. Statement 2 is correct because the NHRC acts as the nodal agency for coordinating and reviewing India's compliance with international human rights treaties, including the ICCPR. Statement 3 is correct as the NHRC actively promotes the implementation of the Convention against Torture, which India signed in 1997, through training and capacity-building initiatives for law enforcement and government officials.
Consider the following statements regarding Limitations on NHRC jurisdiction regarding time-barred complaints:
1. The Commission maintains a registry process that screens incoming complaints for compliance with the one-year limitation rule before formal admission.
2. The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, allows the Commission to decline an inquiry if the subject matter is already being adjudicated by a court of law.
3. The time-bar provision under Section 36(2) serves as a procedural filter to ensure that the Commission focuses on relatively recent human rights violations.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the NHRC follows a mandatory screening process under the Protection of Human Rights Act to reject complaints filed more than one year after the incident. Statement 2 is correct because Section 36(1) of the Act explicitly prohibits the Commission from inquiring into any matter that is already pending before a court or judicial tribunal. Statement 3 is correct as the one-year limitation period under Section 36(2) functions as a statutory procedural filter to prevent the Commission from being burdened with stale or time-barred grievances, ensuring timely intervention in recent human rights violations.
Consider the following statements regarding NHRC powers relating to inquiries and summoning of witnesses:
1. During an inquiry, the Commission is empowered to compel the production of documents held by the Ministry of Defence, provided the Chairperson of the Commission has served a 48-hour notice to the Union Home Secretary.
2. Section 13 of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, empowers the Commission to require any person, subject to any privilege which may be claimed by that person under any law for the time being in force, to furnish information on such points or matters as, in the opinion of the Commission, may be useful for, or relevant to, the subject matter of the inquiry.
3. The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, grants the Commission the same powers as a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, while trying a suit in respect of summoning and enforcing the attendance of witnesses.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because, under Section 13(2) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, the Commission cannot compel the production of documents related to the Ministry of Defence if the Central Government claims privilege; there is no provision for a 48-hour notice to the Home Secretary to override this. Statement 2 is correct as it accurately reflects Section 13(1)(c), which mandates that persons must furnish information relevant to an inquiry while respecting legal privileges. Statement 3 is correct because Section 13(1) explicitly grants the Commission the powers of a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, specifically for summoning witnesses and enforcing their attendance.
Consider the following statements regarding Statutory basis under Protection of Human Rights Act 1993:
1. Section 3 of the Protection of Human Rights Act 1993 empowers the Central Government to constitute a body known as the National Human Rights Commission to exercise the powers conferred upon it.
2. The NHRC is empowered to inquire into violations of human rights by private individuals, provided the incident occurred within the territorial jurisdiction of the National Capital Territory of Delhi.
3. The selection committee for the appointment of the Chairperson includes the Prime Minister, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, and the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha, along with the Union Minister of Law and Justice.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as Section 3 of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, mandates the Central Government to establish the NHRC to protect human rights. Statement 2 is incorrect because the NHRC is primarily empowered to inquire into human rights violations by public servants, and it lacks the jurisdiction to investigate private individuals. Statement 3 is incorrect because the selection committee for the Chairperson includes the Prime Minister (Chair), Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Ministers of Home Affairs, Leaders of the Opposition in both Houses, and the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, but does not include the Union Minister of Law and Justice.
Consider the following statements regarding Suo motu cognizance and inquiry procedures:
1. The Paris Principles, adopted by the United Nations in 1991, provide the foundational framework for national institutions, and India ratified these principles through a constitutional amendment in 1994.
2. The Commission is empowered to visit any jail or other institution under the control of the State Government to study the living conditions of inmates.
3. The 1993 Act includes provisions for the Commission to establish regional offices in every state capital, and the first such regional office was inaugurated in Guwahati in 1995.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct as Section 12(c) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, explicitly empowers the NHRC to visit jails or detention centers to study the living conditions of inmates. Statement 1 is incorrect because while the Paris Principles were adopted in 1991, India did not ratify them via a constitutional amendment; the NHRC was established through the 1993 Act, which is a statutory, not constitutional, body. Statement 3 is incorrect because the 1993 Act does not mandate regional offices in every state capital, and the NHRC functions primarily through its central office in New Delhi without such a regional network.
Consider the following statements regarding Tenure, removal process, and conditions of service of members:
1. The Protection of Human Rights (Amendment) Act of 2019 reduced the tenure of the Chairperson and members of the NHRC from five years to three years.
2. Members of the NHRC are appointed by the President on the recommendation of a committee comprising the Prime Minister, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, and the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha.
3. The President of India removes the Chairperson or any member of the NHRC from office on the ground of proved misbehavior or incapacity only after an inquiry by the Supreme Court.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the 2019 Amendment Act reduced the tenure from five years to three years or until the age of 70, whichever is earlier. Statement 3 is correct because the President can only remove members for proved misbehavior or incapacity following an inquiry conducted by the Supreme Court. Statement 2 is incorrect because the high-level committee responsible for recommending appointments includes the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the Leader of the Opposition in both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, and the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, not just the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha.
Consider the following statements regarding NHRC functions concerning international treaties and human rights instruments:
1. The Commission submitted its first independent report to the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights during the 2008 review cycle.
2. The NHRC maintains a dedicated focal point for the Universal Periodic Review process conducted by the United Nations Human Rights Council in Geneva.
3. Section 12(f) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, empowers the Commission to study and review existing international instruments for their effective implementation.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
The NHRC submitted its first independent 'shadow report' to the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in 2008, marking a milestone in its international engagement. The Commission actively participates in the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) process by maintaining a dedicated focal point to coordinate inputs and ensure India's human rights commitments are represented. Furthermore, Section 12(f) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, explicitly mandates the Commission to study treaties and international instruments to provide recommendations for their effective implementation in India.
Consider the following statements regarding Statutory basis under Protection of Human Rights Act 1993:
1. The Protection of Human Rights Act 1993 provides for the Chairperson of the NHRC to be a person who has been a Chief Justice or a Judge of the Supreme Court of India.
2. The Chairperson of the NHRC holds office for a term of five years or until they attain the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier, as per the 2006 amendment to the Act.
3. The Protection of Human Rights Act 1993 was enacted in the year 1994 to give effect to the Paris Principles adopted at the first international workshop on national institutions held in 1991.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct because the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, mandates that the Chairperson must be a former Chief Justice or a Judge of the Supreme Court. Statement 2 is incorrect because the 2019 amendment reduced the term of the Chairperson and members from five years to three years, while the age limit remains 70 years. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Act was enacted in 1993, not 1994, to give effect to the Paris Principles adopted in 1991.
Consider the following statements regarding Amendments to the Protection of Human Rights Act in 2019 and their impact:
1. The 2019 amendment increased the number of members of the NHRC to be appointed from amongst persons having knowledge of, or practical experience in, matters relating to human rights from two to three.
2. Under the 2019 Act, the chairperson of the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights is included as a deemed member of the NHRC.
3. The 2019 amendment provides for the inclusion of the chairperson of the National Commission for Minorities as an ex-officio member and extends the tenure of members to a maximum of five years.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
The 2019 Amendment Act increased the number of members with human rights expertise from two to three and included the chairperson of the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights as a deemed member. Statement 3 is incorrect because, while it correctly identifies the inclusion of the National Commission for Minorities chairperson, the amendment actually reduced the tenure of the chairperson and members from five years to three years.
Consider the following statements regarding Limitations on NHRC jurisdiction regarding time-barred complaints:
1. The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, establishes a limitation period of two years for filing complaints, and the Commission follows the judicial precedent set in the 1998 Supreme Court ruling regarding the extension of this period for cases involving custodial deaths.
2. The NHRC possesses the discretionary power to entertain complaints filed after the one-year limitation period if it is satisfied that there were sufficient reasons for the delay.
3. Section 36(2) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, prevents the Commission from inquiring into any matter after the expiry of one year from the date on which the act constituting violation of human rights is alleged to have been committed.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the Act mandates a one-year limitation period, not two years, and the Commission does not rely on a 1998 Supreme Court ruling to extend this timeframe. Statements 2 and 3 are correct as Section 36(2) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, explicitly bars the NHRC from inquiring into matters after one year from the date of the alleged violation, while simultaneously granting the Commission discretionary power to condone delays if sufficient cause is demonstrated.
Consider the following statements regarding Annual and special reports submission to the Parliament:
1. The memorandum of action taken by the Central Government includes the reasons for the non-acceptance of any recommendations made by the Commission in its reports.
2. Special reports submitted by the Commission under Section 20 cover specific instances of human rights violations that warrant immediate attention from the legislature.
3. The Commission submits its reports to the National Integration Council, which reviews the findings before the government presents them to the parliamentary committee on home affairs.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Under Section 20 of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, the NHRC submits annual and special reports to the Central Government and State Governments, which are then laid before the respective legislatures along with a memorandum of action taken, including reasons for non-acceptance of recommendations. Statement 2 is correct as special reports address specific urgent human rights violations that require immediate legislative attention. Statement 3 is incorrect because the NHRC submits its reports directly to the Central or State Government, not the National Integration Council, and there is no statutory provision for such a review process.
Consider the following statements regarding Implementation status of NHRC recommendations and non-binding nature:
1. Under Section 18 of the 1993 Act, the Commission forwards its findings to the concerned government, which is expected to report the action taken within one month.
2. The National Human Rights Commission lacks the authority to enforce its decisions, as its primary function involves inquiry and investigation into human rights violations.
3. The Protection of Human Rights Act of 1993 characterizes the recommendations of the National Human Rights Commission as advisory in nature.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
All three statements are correct because the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, mandates that the NHRC acts as a recommendatory body whose findings are advisory rather than binding. Under Section 18, the Commission is empowered to recommend compensation or prosecution, and the concerned government must report the action taken within one month. Consequently, the NHRC lacks the statutory authority to enforce its decisions, functioning primarily as a fact-finding and investigative entity that relies on moral persuasion and public accountability.
Consider the following statements regarding Annual and special reports submission to the Parliament:
1. Section 21 of the 1993 Act provides for the publication of the Commission's annual report in the Official Gazette before the document is tabled in the Parliament.
2. The Commission includes a summary of its financial audit conducted by the Comptroller and Auditor General in the annual report presented to the President of India.
3. The Central Government is tasked with laying the annual and special reports of the Commission before each House of Parliament along with a memorandum of action taken.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct because under Section 20 of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, the Central Government is mandated to lay the Commission's reports before both Houses of Parliament, accompanied by a memorandum explaining the action taken or proposed on the recommendations. Statement 1 is incorrect because Section 20 does not require publication in the Official Gazette before tabling; rather, the reports are submitted directly to the Central Government. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Act does not mandate the inclusion of a CAG audit summary within the Commission's annual report, as the NHRC's financial accounts are audited separately by the CAG under Section 34 of the Act.