Consider the following statements regarding Judicial review and the scope of appeals against Lokpal decisions:
1. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, received the assent of the President of India on 1 January 2014.
2. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, provides for the establishment of a separate appellate tribunal, and the first such tribunal was constituted in New Delhi in 2015 to hear appeals against Lokpal orders.
3. The jurisdiction of the Lokpal extends to the Prime Minister, and the Act allows for the filing of an appeal against a Lokpal decision directly to the Supreme Court under Article 32 of the Constitution.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, received Presidential assent on 1 January 2014 and came into force on 16 January 2014. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Act does not provide for a separate appellate tribunal; the Lokpal is an independent statutory body whose orders are final and not subject to an appellate tribunal. Statement 3 is incorrect because, while the Lokpal's jurisdiction does extend to the Prime Minister (with specific exclusions regarding international relations, security, and public order), the Act does not provide for a direct appeal to the Supreme Court under Article 32; judicial review of Lokpal decisions is typically sought through High Courts or the Supreme Court under their writ jurisdictions (Articles 226/32) based on procedural impropriety or violation of fundamental rights, not as a statutory right of appeal.
Consider the following statements regarding Powers of the Inquiry Wing and Prosecution Wing of the Lokpal:
1. The Director of Inquiry is responsible for conducting investigations into allegations of corruption, and this role is filled by an officer selected from the Indian Police Service with the rank of Director General.
2. The Inquiry Wing of the Lokpal is headed by a Director of Inquiry, who holds a rank equivalent to that of a Joint Secretary to the Government of India.
3. The Lokpal comprises a Chairperson and eight members, and the Prosecution Wing includes legal officers who are drawn from the Indian Legal Service with at least ten years of experience.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct as the Inquiry Wing is headed by a Director of Inquiry, who holds a rank equivalent to that of a Joint Secretary to the Government of India. Statement 1 is incorrect because the Director of Inquiry is not required to be an IPS officer of Director General rank; rather, the Lokpal Act mandates that the Inquiry Wing be headed by an officer not below the rank of Joint Secretary. Statement 3 is incorrect because, while the Lokpal consists of a Chairperson and up to eight members, the Prosecution Wing is headed by a Director of Prosecution, and the Act does not restrict the legal officers exclusively to the Indian Legal Service with a mandatory ten-year experience requirement.
Consider the following statements regarding Procedures for the removal and impeachment of the Chairperson and Members of Lokpal:
1. The salary and allowances of the Lokpal Chairperson are equivalent to the Chief Justice of India, and their removal follows the procedure defined in the Judges Inquiry Act of 1968.
2. An inquiry into the conduct of a Lokpal member is conducted by a committee consisting of the Cabinet Secretary and two senior bureaucrats, whose findings are binding on the President.
3. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act provides for the removal of the Chairperson through an impeachment process identical to that of a High Court judge under Article 217.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
The Chairperson and Members of the Lokpal can be removed by the President only on the grounds of misbehavior after an inquiry by the Supreme Court, as per the procedure prescribed under Article 145 of the Constitution, not the Judges Inquiry Act or a bureaucratic committee. Statement 1 is incorrect because while the salary is equivalent to the CJI, the removal process is not governed by the Judges Inquiry Act. Statement 2 is false as the inquiry is conducted by the Supreme Court, not a committee of bureaucrats. Statement 3 is incorrect because the removal process is modeled after that of a Supreme Court Judge, not a High Court Judge, and it does not involve the impeachment procedure typically associated with the Judges Inquiry Act.
Consider the following statements regarding Composition and appointment procedure of the Lokpal selection committee:
1. The President of India appoints the Chairperson of the Lokpal upon the advice of a committee comprising the Prime Minister, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, and the Union Minister for Personnel.
2. The Selection Committee functions under the administrative control of the Department of Personnel and Training, which holds the authority to nominate the eminent jurist member.
3. The Selection Committee for the appointment of the Lokpal includes the Prime Minister as its Chairperson.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct because the Prime Minister serves as the Chairperson of the selection committee. Statement 1 is incorrect because the committee also includes the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha and an eminent jurist, not just the PM, Speaker, and Union Minister. Statement 2 is incorrect because the eminent jurist is nominated by the President based on the recommendation of the other four members of the selection committee, not by the Department of Personnel and Training.
Consider the following statements regarding Provisions for the seizure of assets and attachment of property during corruption investigations:
1. The Chairperson of the Lokpal holds the authority to approve the seizure of assets exceeding 50 lakh rupees, a threshold defined by the 2013 Act's administrative guidelines.
2. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act incorporates the provisions of the Benami Transactions Prohibition Act, 1988 to facilitate the attachment of assets held in the names of family members.
3. The Lokpal is authorized to issue an order for the attachment of assets for a period of up to 90 days pending the completion of investigation proceedings.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct because under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, the Lokpal can order the attachment of property for up to 90 days if there is a prima facie case that assets were acquired through corrupt means. Statement 1 is incorrect as the Act does not specify a 50 lakh rupee threshold for the Chairperson's approval, nor does it delegate such administrative guidelines to define asset seizure limits. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, operates independently regarding the attachment of proceeds of corruption and does not formally incorporate the Benami Transactions Prohibition Act, 1988 for its investigative procedures.
Consider the following statements regarding Time-bound investigation mandates and the role of the Central Vigilance Commission:
1. The Lokpal consists of a Chairperson and a maximum of eight members, of whom fifty percent are judicial members.
2. The Director of Inquiry, appointed by the Lokpal, holds the rank of Joint Secretary to the Government of India.
3. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act of 2013 received the assent of the President of India on 1 January 2014.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 mandates a Chairperson and a maximum of eight members, with 50% being judicial members. Statement 2 is correct because the Act specifies that the Director of Inquiry must be an officer not below the rank of Joint Secretary to the Government of India. Statement 3 is correct as the Act was passed by Parliament and received the Presidential assent on 1 January 2014, officially coming into force on 16 January 2014.
Consider the following statements regarding Statutory status and independence mechanisms under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013:
1. The Act provides for the establishment of an Inquiry Wing headed by the Director of Inquiry for conducting preliminary inquiries into complaints.
2. The salary, allowances, and other conditions of service of the Chairperson are equivalent to those of the Chief Justice of India.
3. The Lokpal has the power of superintendence and direction over any investigating agency, including the CBI, for cases referred by it.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, mandates an Inquiry Wing headed by a Director of Inquiry for preliminary investigations, while granting the Lokpal powers of superintendence and direction over the CBI for cases referred to it. Furthermore, the Chairperson of the Lokpal is accorded the same salary, allowances, and service conditions as the Chief Justice of India, and its members are treated equivalent to Judges of the Supreme Court, ensuring institutional independence. As all three statements accurately reflect the statutory provisions of the 2013 Act, they are entirely correct.
Consider the following statements regarding Whistleblower protection provisions linked to Lokpal investigations:
1. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 provides for the establishment of a Whistleblower Protection Cell within the Central Bureau of Investigation to handle complaints filed against cabinet ministers.
2. The Public Interest Disclosure and Protection of Informers Resolution of 2004, known as PIDPI, is currently integrated into the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act to provide legal immunity to whistleblowers in the private sector.
3. Under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, the identity of the complainant is kept confidential during the preliminary inquiry stage to prevent victimization of the whistleblower.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct because Section 53 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, mandates the protection of the identity of complainants and witnesses to ensure they are not victimized. Statement 1 is incorrect as the Act does not establish a Whistleblower Protection Cell within the CBI; instead, the Whistleblowers Protection Act, 2014 (which is largely non-operational) designates the Central Vigilance Commission as the competent authority. Statement 2 is incorrect because the PIDPI Resolution (2004) is an executive framework for protecting government whistleblowers and is not integrated into the 2013 Act, nor does it extend to the private sector.
Consider the following statements regarding Financial autonomy and administrative independence of the Lokpal office:
1. The salary, allowances, and other conditions of service of the Chairperson and Members of the Lokpal are equivalent to those of the Chief Justice of India and Judges of the Supreme Court, respectively.
2. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 designates the Chairperson of the Lokpal as the Chief Accounting Authority for the purpose of financial management and budgetary control of the institution.
3. The Director of Inquiry and the Director of Prosecution are appointed by the Lokpal under the provisions of the 2013 Act to ensure functional independence from the executive branch.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as Section 7 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 mandates that the Chairperson's service conditions mirror those of the Chief Justice of India, while Members mirror Supreme Court Judges. Statement 2 is correct because the Act grants the Lokpal administrative and financial autonomy, designating the Chairperson as the Chief Accounting Authority to ensure independence from executive oversight. Statement 3 is correct as the Act empowers the Lokpal to appoint a Director of Inquiry and a Director of Prosecution, ensuring these critical wings operate under the institution's functional control rather than being dependent on executive appointments.
Consider the following statements regarding The concept of 'Public Servant' as defined under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act:
1. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act of 2013 classifies the Prime Minister as a public servant, subject to certain exclusions related to international relations and public order.
2. Section 2(1)(o) of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act defines public servants to include any person who is or has been a member of either House of Parliament.
3. The definition of public servant in the 2013 Act covers the President of India and the Vice-President, aligning with the provisions of the Prevention of Corruption Act of 1988.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Prime Minister is included under the Act's jurisdiction, with specific exclusions for matters related to international relations, external and internal security, public order, atomic energy, and space. Statement 2 is correct because Section 2(1)(o) explicitly defines public servants to include members of either House of Parliament. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Act does not include the President or the Vice-President of India within the definition of 'public servant' for the purpose of the Lokpal's jurisdiction.
Consider the following statements regarding The concept of 'Public Servant' as defined under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act:
1. Chairpersons and members of bodies established by central acts, including those receiving grants from the government, fall under the definition of public servants under the 2013 legislation.
2. The definition of public servant under the Act encompasses officers and employees of societies or trusts controlled or financed by the Central Government with an annual income exceeding one crore rupees.
3. Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts are categorized as public servants under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, following the amendment passed in the Rajya Sabha in 2014.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statements 1 and 2 are correct as the 2013 Act explicitly includes chairpersons and members of bodies receiving government grants, as well as officials of societies or trusts receiving significant government funding (exceeding the specified financial threshold) under the definition of 'public servant'. Statement 3 is incorrect because, while the Act covers a wide range of officials, it does not include judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts; the judiciary is excluded from the jurisdiction of the Lokpal to maintain the principle of judicial independence.
Consider the following statements regarding Mandatory requirements for the establishment of Lokayuktas in States:
1. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, establishes a common service rule for the staff of the Lokayukta, and this rule is applicable to all states that established their Lokayukta after January 2014.
2. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, provides that every State shall establish a Lokayukta within a period of 365 days from the date of commencement of the Act.
3. Section 63 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, empowers the State legislatures to enact their own legislation to establish the institution of Lokayukta in their respective jurisdictions.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct because Section 63 of the Act mandates that every State shall establish a Lokayukta within 365 days from the commencement of the Act (January 16, 2014). Statement 3 is also correct as Section 63 explicitly empowers State legislatures to enact their own legislation to establish the institution of Lokayukta. Statement 1 is incorrect because the Act does not prescribe a common service rule for the staff of the Lokayukta; instead, the appointment and conditions of service of the staff are left to the discretion of the respective State governments under their own enacted laws.
Consider the following statements regarding Powers of the Inquiry Wing and Prosecution Wing of the Lokpal:
1. The Prosecution Wing represents the Lokpal in cases before the High Courts, and its legal officers are appointed by the Department of Personnel and Training following a competitive examination.
2. The Prosecution Wing of the Lokpal is headed by a Director of Prosecution, who holds a rank equivalent to that of an Additional Secretary to the Government of India.
3. The Inquiry Wing maintains a separate budget for its operational expenses, and its functional autonomy is overseen by the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct as the Prosecution Wing is headed by a Director of Prosecution, equivalent in rank to an Additional Secretary to the Government of India. Statement 1 is incorrect because the Lokpal Act mandates that the Prosecution Wing is headed by the Director of Prosecution, and its officers are appointed by the Lokpal, not the DoPT via competitive examination. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Lokpal's administrative and financial autonomy is governed by the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, which does not mandate a separate budget for the Inquiry Wing or oversight by a Parliamentary Standing Committee for its functional autonomy.
Consider the following statements regarding Composition and appointment procedure of the Lokpal selection committee:
1. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 provides for the inclusion of the Attorney General of India as a permanent member of the Selection Committee to ensure legal oversight.
2. The Selection Committee includes the Union Home Minister and the Chief Justice of India, who together select the eminent jurist to complete the five-member panel.
3. The Chairperson of the Lokpal is appointed by the President based on the recommendation of a committee that includes the Union Law Minister and the Leader of the Rajya Sabha.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
The Selection Committee for the Lokpal consists of the Prime Minister (Chairperson), the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, the Chief Justice of India (or a nominated Judge), and one eminent jurist recommended by the other members; thus, statements 1, 2, and 3 are incorrect as they misidentify the members. The Attorney General, Union Home Minister, Union Law Minister, and Leader of the Rajya Sabha are not members of this specific Selection Committee. The eminent jurist is selected by the other four members of the committee, not by the Home Minister and Chief Justice alone.
Consider the following statements regarding Statutory status and independence mechanisms under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013:
1. The selection committee for the Lokpal includes the Prime Minister, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, and the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha.
2. The Chairperson and members of the Lokpal hold office for a term of five years or until they attain the age of seventy years.
3. The Act provides for the appointment of the Chairperson by the President based on the recommendation of a committee that includes the Chief Justice of India and the Union Home Minister.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Selection Committee for the Lokpal comprises the Prime Minister (Chairperson), Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Leader of the Opposition, Chief Justice of India (or a nominated Judge), and an eminent jurist. Statement 2 is correct because the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 specifies that the Chairperson and members hold office for a term of five years or until they attain the age of 70 years. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Selection Committee does not include the Union Home Minister; instead, it includes the Chief Justice of India (or a nominated Supreme Court Judge) and an eminent jurist nominated by the President.
Consider the following statements regarding Limitations on the Lokpal's authority regarding the Armed Forces and intelligence agencies:
1. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, provides that the Lokpal does not have jurisdiction over matters pertaining to the Armed Forces of the Union governed by the Army Act, 1950, the Navy Act, 1957, and the Air Force Act, 1950.
2. Section 14(1)(f) of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, excludes intelligence organizations established by the Central Government from the purview of the Lokpal, provided they are specified in the Second Schedule of the Right to Information Act, 2005.
3. The Lokpal's jurisdiction over public servants is limited by the proviso in Section 14(1)(d), which prevents the institution from inquiring into allegations against members of the Armed Forces regarding their official duties.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, explicitly excludes the Armed Forces from the Lokpal's jurisdiction under Section 14(1)(d) to maintain operational autonomy and military discipline. Furthermore, Section 14(1)(f) protects national security by exempting intelligence organizations listed in the Second Schedule of the RTI Act, 2005, from the Lokpal's oversight. All three statements accurately reflect these statutory limitations, as the Act ensures that the Lokpal cannot inquire into the official duties of military personnel or the functioning of sensitive intelligence agencies.
Consider the following statements regarding Variations in the structure and powers of Lokayuktas across different Indian states:
1. The Karnataka Lokayukta Act, 1984, incorporates the provisions of the 2013 Central Lokpal Act regarding the mandatory inclusion of the Chief Minister under the investigative purview of the state ombudsman.
2. The Maharashtra Lokayukta and Upa-Lokayukta Act, 1971, was the first legislation in India to establish the office of Lokayukta at the state level.
3. The Rajasthan Lokayukta and Up-Lokayuktas Act, 1973, grants the institution the authority to initiate suo motu investigations into allegations of corruption against judicial officers of the High Court.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct because Maharashtra was the first state to enact the Lokayukta and Upa-Lokayukta Act in 1971. Statement 1 is incorrect because the 2013 Central Lokpal Act does not mandate state-level structures, and the inclusion of the Chief Minister varies significantly across states, often predating or differing from the 2013 Act. Statement 3 is incorrect because, under the Rajasthan Lokayukta Act, judicial officers of the High Court and subordinate courts are specifically excluded from the investigative purview of the Lokayukta.
Consider the following statements regarding Provisions for the seizure of assets and attachment of property during corruption investigations:
1. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 empowers the Lokpal to order the attachment of property acquired by corrupt means if there is a prima facie case against a public servant.
2. The Special Court established under the 2013 Act handles the attachment of assets in cases involving foreign bank accounts, following the amendment introduced in the Finance Act of 2016.
3. Section 26 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 provides for the confiscation of property through a special court if the public servant is convicted of corruption.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as Section 25 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 empowers the Lokpal to provisionally attach assets acquired through corrupt means if there is a prima facie case. Statement 3 is correct because Section 26 mandates that if a public servant is convicted, the Special Court can order the confiscation of the property in question to the state. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Finance Act, 2016 did not introduce such a specific provision for foreign bank accounts under this Act; the Act's framework for asset attachment is primarily governed by the provisions under Sections 25 and 26, which apply regardless of the location of the assets.
Consider the following statements regarding Composition and appointment procedure of the Lokpal selection committee:
1. The Selection Committee comprises the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, and the Chief Justice of India or a Judge of the Supreme Court nominated by him.
2. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 provides for the inclusion of the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha as a member of the Selection Committee.
3. The fifth member of the Selection Committee is an eminent jurist recommended by the Chairperson and other members of the committee.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
The Selection Committee for the Lokpal consists of the Prime Minister (Chairperson), Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Leader of the Opposition (LoP) in the Lok Sabha, Chief Justice of India (or a nominated SC Judge), and an eminent jurist nominated by the other four members. Statement 1 is correct as it identifies the key members, while Statement 2 is correct because the Act explicitly mandates the LoP's inclusion to ensure bipartisan oversight. Statement 3 is correct as the fifth member must be an eminent jurist, who is chosen by the other four members of the committee based on their collective consensus.
Consider the following statements regarding Judicial review and the scope of appeals against Lokpal decisions:
1. The Lokpal consists of a Chairperson and a maximum of eight members, of whom fifty percent are required to be judicial members.
2. The Lokpal is empowered to initiate prosecution against public servants, and the Act includes provisions for the Lokpal to review its own final orders through a designated internal bench of three members.
3. The 2013 Act incorporates the recommendations of the First Administrative Reforms Commission, which suggested the creation of a Lokpal at the Union level and a Lokayukta in each state by 1970.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 mandates a Chairperson and up to eight members, with 50% being judicial members. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Act does not provide the Lokpal with the power to review its own final orders, nor does it establish an internal bench for such purposes. Statement 3 is incorrect because, while the First ARC recommended the creation of these institutions, the 2013 Act was enacted decades later, and the ARC's specific 1970 timeline was never met.
Consider the following statements regarding Conflict of interest provisions for Lokpal members and staff:
1. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 specifies that a member of the Lokpal ceases to hold office upon completing a term of five years or attaining the age of seventy years.
2. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 includes provisions for the cooling-off period of three years, after which a former member is eligible to contest elections for the office of the President of India.
3. The Inquiry Wing of the Lokpal functions under the direct supervision of the Central Vigilance Commission, which oversees the conflict of interest disclosures for staff members appointed under the 2013 Act.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as Section 6 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, mandates that a Chairperson or member holds office for a term of five years or until they attain the age of seventy years. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Act imposes a permanent bar on former members from contesting elections for the office of President, Vice-President, or any Member of Parliament/Legislature, rather than a three-year cooling-off period. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Inquiry Wing of the Lokpal functions under the direct control and supervision of the Lokpal itself, not the Central Vigilance Commission.
Consider the following statements regarding Role of the Lokpal in cases involving the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988:
1. The Lokpal is empowered to authorize the Central Bureau of Investigation to conduct a preliminary inquiry into complaints against public servants under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.
2. Section 20 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, provides that the preliminary inquiry report shall be submitted to the Lokpal within a period of 90 days.
3. The Chairperson of the Lokpal is appointed by a selection committee comprising the Prime Minister, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the Leader of the Opposition, and the Chief Justice of India.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 empowers the Lokpal to direct the CBI to conduct preliminary inquiries into allegations of corruption. Statement 2 is correct because Section 20(1) of the Act mandates that the preliminary inquiry report must be submitted to the Lokpal within 90 days, extendable by another 90 days for valid reasons. Statement 3 is correct as the selection committee for the Chairperson and Members includes the Prime Minister (Chairperson), Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Leader of the Opposition, Chief Justice of India (or a nominated Judge), and an eminent jurist.
Consider the following statements regarding Mandatory requirements for the establishment of Lokayuktas in States:
1. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, contains a schedule listing the specific powers of the Lokayukta, and this schedule is applicable to all states that have adopted the central legislation.
2. The Administrative Reforms Commission of 1966 suggested a uniform model for Lokayuktas, and the 2013 Act adopted these recommendations as the standard template for state-level anti-corruption bodies.
3. The Constitution (116th Amendment) Bill, 2011, introduced provisions for the creation of Lokayuktas in every state, and this amendment received presidential assent in December 2013.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, mandates states to establish Lokayuktas but leaves the specific structure, powers, and functions to be determined by individual state legislatures. Statement 2 is incorrect as the 2013 Act does not mandate a uniform model based on the 1966 Administrative Reforms Commission, allowing states flexibility in designing their own frameworks. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Constitution (116th Amendment) Bill, 2011, which sought to provide constitutional status to the Lokpal and Lokayuktas, lapsed and was never enacted; the 2013 Act was passed as a statutory, not constitutional, amendment.
Consider the following statements regarding Conflict of interest provisions for Lokpal members and staff:
1. Under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, the salary, allowances, and other conditions of service of the Chairperson are equivalent to those of the Chief Justice of India.
2. The Chairperson and members of the Lokpal are prohibited from holding any office of trust or profit or being connected with any political party during their tenure.
3. The administrative staff of the Lokpal is drawn from the Indian Administrative Service, and these officers remain subject to the disciplinary jurisdiction of the Department of Personnel and Training regarding conflict of interest matters.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as Section 7 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, equates the Chairperson's service conditions to the Chief Justice of India. Statement 2 is correct because Section 8 explicitly mandates that members must not hold any office of profit, be connected with any political party, or engage in any business/profession during their tenure to ensure impartiality. Statement 3 is incorrect because, while staff may be drawn from various services, the Lokpal maintains independent administrative control over its officers, and they are not subject to the disciplinary jurisdiction of the Department of Personnel and Training regarding their specific functions under the Lokpal.
Consider the following statements regarding The distinction between Lokpal and the institution of Ombudsman in other democracies:
1. The Finnish Chancellor of Justice, established in 1919, functions as a constitutional advisor to the President and shares the same investigative powers as the Lokpal regarding the conduct of members of the judiciary.
2. The Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration in the United Kingdom, established by the 1967 Act, maintains the power to investigate complaints against private sector corporations that receive government subsidies.
3. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, provides for the inclusion of the Prime Minister under the jurisdiction of the Lokpal, subject to specific exclusions related to international relations and public order.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct as the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, includes the Prime Minister under its jurisdiction, with specific exclusions for matters concerning international relations, external and internal security, public order, atomic energy, and space. Statement 1 is incorrect because the Finnish Chancellor of Justice is a constitutional advisor, but unlike the Lokpal, it does not possess investigative powers over the judiciary. Statement 2 is incorrect because the UK's Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration (Ombudsman) is strictly limited to investigating maladministration by government departments and certain public bodies, and does not have the mandate to investigate private sector corporations.
Consider the following statements regarding The role of the Lokpal in overseeing foreign contribution regulations (FCRA):
1. The 2013 Act encompasses provisions that allow the Lokpal to issue a stay order on the suspension of an FCRA license, and this power is exercised in coordination with the Ministry of Home Affairs' database.
2. The Central Bureau of Investigation, when directed by the Lokpal to investigate a case involving foreign funding irregularities, operates under the superintendence of the Lokpal as per the provisions of the 2013 Act.
3. Under Section 14 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, the jurisdiction of the Lokpal extends to any person who is or has been a Director, Manager, or officer of a society or trust receiving foreign contributions exceeding ten lakh rupees annually.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 does not grant the Lokpal authority to stay the suspension of an FCRA license, as FCRA administration remains exclusively under the Ministry of Home Affairs. Statement 2 is correct as Section 20 of the Act mandates that the CBI functions under the superintendence of the Lokpal when investigating cases referred by it. Statement 3 is correct because Section 14(1)(g) of the Act brings under the Lokpal's jurisdiction any person who is or has been a director, manager, or officer of a society or trust receiving foreign contributions exceeding ten lakh rupees annually.
Consider the following statements regarding The distinction between Lokpal and the institution of Ombudsman in other democracies:
1. The New Zealand Ombudsman Act of 1975 extended the jurisdiction of the office to include local government organizations and various health boards, distinguishing it from the narrower scope of early European models.
2. Section 14 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, grants the Lokpal the power of superintendence and direction over any investigation agency, including the Central Bureau of Investigation, in cases referred to it.
3. Unlike the traditional Scandinavian Ombudsman model which emphasizes administrative grievances, the Indian Lokpal is primarily designed as an anti-corruption body to investigate allegations against public functionaries.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the 1975 New Zealand Act significantly broadened the Ombudsman's scope to cover local government and health sectors, evolving beyond the original focus on central administration. Statement 2 is correct because Section 14 of the 2013 Act empowers the Lokpal to exercise superintendence and direction over the CBI for cases referred by it, ensuring independent oversight. Statement 3 is correct because the Scandinavian model focuses on administrative maladministration and citizen grievances, whereas the Indian Lokpal is specifically mandated to combat corruption among high-level public functionaries.
Consider the following statements regarding The role of the Lokpal in overseeing foreign contribution regulations (FCRA):
1. The Lokpal is authorized to recommend the initiation of proceedings under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010, if an inquiry reveals that a public servant has accepted foreign funds without the requisite government clearance.
2. The definition of 'public servant' under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, encompasses individuals receiving foreign contributions while serving in entities funded by the Central Government, thereby bringing them under the Lokpal's oversight.
3. As of January 2024, the Lokpal maintains the authority to refer cases of suspected money laundering involving foreign contributions to the Enforcement Directorate for further investigation under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the Lokpal is empowered under the 2013 Act to recommend investigations into corruption, including violations of the FCRA by public servants. Statement 2 is correct because the definition of 'public servant' under Section 2(1)(o) of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act includes individuals in bodies receiving government grants, extending oversight to those handling foreign contributions in such entities. Statement 3 is correct as the Lokpal, upon finding prima facie evidence of money laundering during its inquiry, can refer the matter to the Enforcement Directorate, which acts as the designated agency for PMLA investigations.
Consider the following statements regarding Limitations on the Lokpal's authority regarding the Armed Forces and intelligence agencies:
1. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, incorporates the Intelligence Bureau and the Research and Analysis Wing under its oversight, while granting the Chairperson the power to review classified operational files.
2. The 2013 Act establishes a specialized cell within the Lokpal to monitor corruption in the Ministry of Defence, which operates under the supervision of the Chief of Defence Staff.
3. Under the provisions of the 2013 Act, the Lokpal maintains authority to investigate personnel of the Central Reserve Police Force, as these paramilitary units fall outside the definition of the Armed Forces of the Union.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, explicitly excludes intelligence and security organizations, such as the Intelligence Bureau and RAW, from the Lokpal's jurisdiction to protect national security. Furthermore, the Act does not establish any specialized monitoring cell under the Chief of Defence Staff, and it provides no authority for the Lokpal to investigate personnel of the Armed Forces of the Union, which includes paramilitary forces like the CRPF as they are governed by their own service acts.
Consider the following statements regarding Procedures for the removal and impeachment of the Chairperson and Members of Lokpal:
1. The President refers the matter of misbehavior to the Chief Justice of India, who conducts an investigation and submits a report to the Union Council of Ministers for final approval.
2. Members of the Lokpal are appointed by a selection committee chaired by the Prime Minister, and their resignation is submitted to the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
3. The Chairperson of the Lokpal holds office for a term of five years or until the age of 70, and their removal is initiated by a resolution passed by a simple majority in the Rajya Sabha.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the President refers the inquiry to the Supreme Court, not the Chief Justice of India, and the report is submitted to the President, not the Council of Ministers. Statement 2 is incorrect as the Chairperson and members of the Lokpal submit their resignations to the President of India, not the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. Statement 3 is incorrect because the removal of the Chairperson or any member requires an order from the President based on a report from the Supreme Court following an inquiry, not a simple majority resolution in the Rajya Sabha.
Consider the following statements regarding Conflict of interest provisions for Lokpal members and staff:
1. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 incorporates the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, and allows members to retain their private legal practice provided they disclose their client list to the President.
2. Section 8 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 provides that a member, upon ceasing to hold office, remains ineligible for reappointment as a member of the Lokpal.
3. The selection committee for the Lokpal comprises the Prime Minister, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, and the Leader of the Opposition, and it possesses the authority to waive conflict of interest rules for judicial members.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct because Section 8 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 explicitly mandates that a member, upon ceasing to hold office, is ineligible for reappointment as a member of the Lokpal. Statement 1 is incorrect as the Act strictly prohibits members from engaging in any other office of profit or practicing any profession, including legal practice, to ensure impartiality. Statement 3 is incorrect because the selection committee, while including the Prime Minister, Speaker, and Leader of the Opposition, has no legal authority to waive conflict of interest rules, which are statutory provisions defined by the Act itself.
Consider the following statements regarding Judicial review and the scope of appeals against Lokpal decisions:
1. Section 44 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, pertains to the declaration of assets and liabilities by public servants upon entering office.
2. The Lokayukta is appointed by the Governor of a state, and the 2013 Act provides for a uniform tenure of seven years for all Lokayuktas across Indian states to ensure administrative consistency.
3. The Chairperson of the Lokpal is selected by a committee comprising the Prime Minister, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the Leader of the Opposition, the Chief Justice of India, and one eminent jurist.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as Section 44 of the Act mandates public servants to declare their assets and liabilities. Statement 3 is correct because the Selection Committee for the Lokpal Chairperson includes the PM, Speaker, Leader of the Opposition, CJI (or nominee), and an eminent jurist. Statement 2 is incorrect because the 2013 Act does not mandate a uniform seven-year tenure for Lokayuktas; instead, it leaves the appointment process and tenure of Lokayuktas to be determined by individual state legislatures.
Consider the following statements regarding Variations in the structure and powers of Lokayuktas across different Indian states:
1. The Bihar Lokayukta Act, 2011, replaced the earlier 1973 ordinance and grants the institution the power to recommend the suspension of a public servant pending an inquiry into corruption charges.
2. The Uttar Pradesh Lokayukta and Up-Lokayuktas Act, 1975, provides for a fixed tenure of six years for the Lokayukta, aligning the state office with the term limits established by the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013.
3. The Kerala Lokayukta Act, 1999, allows the institution to issue binding declarations that result in the immediate removal of a public functionary from office upon a finding of maladministration.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the Bihar Lokayukta Act, 2011, does not grant the power to order suspension, as the Lokayukta only holds recommendatory powers. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Uttar Pradesh Lokayukta Act was amended in 2012 to extend the tenure from five to eight years, which deviates from the five-year term prescribed by the Central Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013. Statement 3 is incorrect because, following the 2022 amendment to the Kerala Lokayukta Act, the institution's findings are now treated as recommendations rather than binding declarations, allowing the competent authority to either accept or reject them after an opportunity for a hearing.
Consider the following statements regarding Provisions for the seizure of assets and attachment of property during corruption investigations:
1. The Central Vigilance Commission acts as the primary authority for the attachment of assets under the Lokpal framework, a process formalized by the 2014 Rules of Procedure.
2. Under the 2013 Act, the Director of Inquiry is empowered to attach properties of a public servant, and this power was exercised during the inaugural investigation in 2019.
3. The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 includes provisions for the Lokpal to initiate the seizure of assets, and the first such seizure was recorded by the agency in 2014.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 empowers the Lokpal itself-not the CVC or the Director of Inquiry-to order the attachment of property acquired through corrupt means if there is a prima facie case. Statement 1 is false as the CVC does not hold this authority under the Lokpal framework; Statement 2 is false because the Director of Inquiry lacks the power to attach property; and Statement 3 is false because the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 is a separate statute, and the Lokpal's powers are derived specifically from the 2013 Act, with no such seizure recorded in 2014.
Consider the following statements regarding Role of the Lokpal in cases involving the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988:
1. The Lokpal is authorized to initiate a search and seizure operation under the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, provided that the investigation is conducted by a team led by an officer not below the rank of Joint Secretary to the Government of India.
2. The Lokpal has the power of superintendence over the Central Bureau of Investigation in relation to investigations into cases referred by the Lokpal under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.
3. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, incorporates the provisions of the 2005 Right to Information Act, allowing the Lokpal to disclose the identity of whistleblowers during the preliminary inquiry phase to ensure transparency.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct because under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, the Lokpal exercises powers of superintendence and direction over the CBI for cases referred to it for investigation. Statement 1 is incorrect because the Act empowers the Lokpal to authorize the CBI or any other agency to conduct search and seizure, but it does not mandate that the investigation team must be led by an officer of Joint Secretary rank. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Act explicitly mandates the protection of the identity of whistleblowers, and disclosing such information during a preliminary inquiry would violate the legal safeguards provided to informants.
Consider the following statements regarding Mandatory requirements for the establishment of Lokayuktas in States:
1. The Governor of a state holds the power to appoint the Lokayukta based on the recommendation of a selection committee chaired by the Chief Justice of the High Court, as per the guidelines in the 2013 Act.
2. The state-level Lokayukta is authorized to exercise jurisdiction over the state judiciary, and this authority is derived from the oversight provisions outlined in the 2013 central legislation.
3. The office of the Lokayukta is empowered to investigate complaints against the Chief Minister, and this provision was incorporated into the 2013 Act following the recommendations of the Second Administrative Reforms Commission.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, mandates states to establish Lokayuktas but leaves the appointment process, including the composition of the selection committee, to the discretion of state legislatures. Statement 2 is incorrect as the Act explicitly excludes the judiciary from the jurisdiction of the Lokpal and Lokayukta to maintain the principle of judicial independence. Statement 3 is incorrect because, while the 2013 Act provides a framework, it does not mandate the inclusion of the Chief Minister under the Lokayukta's jurisdiction; this remains a matter of state-specific legislation, and the Act itself does not derive its provisions directly from the Second ARC recommendations.
Consider the following statements regarding Role of the Lokpal in cases involving the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988:
1. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, received the assent of the President of India on 1 January 2014.
2. The jurisdiction of the Lokpal extends to all public servants including the Prime Minister, except for matters involving international relations and national security, as defined under the 1988 Prevention of Corruption Act.
3. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, was enacted following the recommendations of the Second Administrative Reforms Commission, which submitted its report in 2007 and proposed the establishment of a National Vigilance Commission.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, received Presidential assent on January 1, 2014. Statement 2 is incorrect because while the Prime Minister is under the Lokpal's jurisdiction, there are specific exclusions for matters related to international relations, external and internal security, public order, atomic energy, and space, which are broader than just the Prevention of Corruption Act. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Second Administrative Reforms Commission recommended the establishment of a 'Lokpal', not a 'National Vigilance Commission', and the Act was primarily influenced by the 2011 anti-corruption movement led by Anna Hazare.
Consider the following statements regarding Time-bound investigation mandates and the role of the Central Vigilance Commission:
1. The Chairperson and members of the Lokpal are appointed by a selection committee comprising the Prime Minister, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, and the Leader of the Opposition.
2. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act provides for a period of ninety days for the completion of a preliminary inquiry by the investigating agency.
3. The Central Vigilance Commission acts as the primary agency for conducting preliminary inquiries into complaints referred by the Lokpal against Group A and Group B officers.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the selection committee for the Lokpal includes the PM, Speaker, Leader of the Opposition, CJI (or nominee), and an eminent jurist. Statement 2 is correct because the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, mandates that preliminary inquiries by the investigating agency must be completed within 90 days, extendable by another 90 days. Statement 3 is correct as the Act empowers the Lokpal to refer cases involving Group A, B, C, and D officers to the CVC for preliminary inquiry, which then submits a report to the Lokpal.
Consider the following statements regarding Limitations on the Lokpal's authority regarding the Armed Forces and intelligence agencies:
1. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, allows for the investigation of intelligence agencies if the Director of the agency provides written consent to the Lokpal bench during a preliminary inquiry.
2. The 2013 Act provides for a coordination committee between the Lokpal and the Ministry of Home Affairs to facilitate the investigation of corruption cases involving officers serving in the Intelligence Bureau.
3. Section 14 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, includes the Coast Guard and the Border Security Force within the investigative scope of the Lokpal, as these organizations are classified as civil services under the 1950 Army Act.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, explicitly excludes intelligence and security agencies from the Lokpal's jurisdiction to protect national security. Specifically, Section 14(1)(f) prohibits the Lokpal from inquiring into any matter involving organizations established by the Central Government for purposes of intelligence or security, and there is no provision for a coordination committee or the inclusion of the Coast Guard or BSF under its investigative scope.
Consider the following statements regarding Reporting requirements and the submission of annual reports to the Parliament:
1. The annual report submitted by the Lokpal includes a summary of the cases dealt with by the institution during the relevant financial year.
2. The Lokayuktas are governed by the same reporting cycle as the Lokpal, with the state-level reports being submitted to the Union Ministry of Personnel for parliamentary review.
3. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 received the assent of the President on 1 January 2014 and was subsequently published in the Gazette of India.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as Section 48 of the Act mandates the Lokpal to present an annual report to the President, which is then laid before both Houses of Parliament. Statement 3 is correct because the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 received Presidential assent on 1 January 2014 and was notified in the Gazette on 2 January 2014. Statement 2 is incorrect because Lokayuktas are state-level institutions that submit their annual reports to the respective State Governors, who then lay them before the State Legislature, not the Union Ministry of Personnel.
Consider the following statements regarding The distinction between Lokpal and the institution of Ombudsman in other democracies:
1. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, incorporates the provisions of the 2005 United Nations Convention against Corruption, which allows the Lokpal to exercise extraterritorial jurisdiction over Indian diplomats stationed abroad.
2. The Danish Folketingets Ombudsmand, created in 1955, operates under the direct oversight of the Supreme Court of Denmark and possesses the authority to initiate criminal prosecutions against cabinet ministers.
3. The Swedish Justitieombudsman, established in 1809, serves as the historical archetype for the institution of the Ombudsman, focusing on the supervision of public officials' compliance with existing laws.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct as the Swedish Justitieombudsman, established in 1809, is the world's first Ombudsman office designed to ensure public officials adhere to the law. Statement 1 is incorrect because the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, does not grant the Lokpal extraterritorial jurisdiction over diplomats, nor does it explicitly incorporate the 2005 UN Convention against Corruption. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Danish Ombudsman is an officer of the Folketing (Parliament), not the Supreme Court, and typically lacks the power to initiate criminal prosecutions, which remains the domain of the public prosecutor.
Consider the following statements regarding Jurisdiction of Lokpal over Prime Minister and specific exemptions:
1. Complaints against the Prime Minister are considered by the Lokpal bench only after a full bench consisting of its Chairperson and all members considers the initiation of an inquiry.
2. The selection committee for the appointment of the Chairperson and members of the Lokpal includes the Speaker of the Lok Sabha and the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha.
3. The Lokpal consists of a Chairperson and a maximum of eight members, of which fifty percent are required to be judicial members.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 mandates that any complaint against the Prime Minister must be considered by a full bench of the Lokpal. Statement 2 is correct because the selection committee includes the Prime Minister, Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Leader of the Opposition, Chief Justice of India (or a nominated judge), and an eminent jurist. Statement 3 is correct as the Act stipulates a maximum of eight members, with at least fifty percent required to be judicial members.
Consider the following statements regarding Financial autonomy and administrative independence of the Lokpal office:
1. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 provides that the administrative expenses of the Lokpal, including salaries and allowances of the Chairperson and Members, are charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India.
2. The Chairperson of the Lokpal possesses the same powers of administrative superintendence over the Inquiry Wing as are vested in a Secretary to the Government of India.
3. Section 11 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 empowers the Lokpal to appoint its own officers and staff, subject to such rules as may be prescribed by the Central Government.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as Section 11 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 mandates that all administrative expenses, including salaries and allowances of the Chairperson and Members, are charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India to ensure financial independence. Statement 2 is correct because the Act grants the Chairperson powers of administrative superintendence over the Inquiry Wing equivalent to a Secretary to the Government of India, ensuring operational control. Statement 3 is correct as the Act authorizes the Lokpal to appoint its own officers and staff, though this power is exercised in accordance with rules prescribed by the Central Government to maintain procedural consistency.
Consider the following statements regarding Time-bound investigation mandates and the role of the Central Vigilance Commission:
1. The Central Vigilance Commission was established in 1964 based on the Santhanam Committee report and functions as an independent body under the Prevention of Corruption Act of 1988.
2. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act grants the institution the power to initiate prosecution against public servants, and the first Lokpal of India was appointed in 2013.
3. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act was enacted following the recommendations of the First Administrative Reforms Commission, which submitted its report in 1966 and suggested the establishment of a Lokpal at the state level.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the CVC was given statutory status by the CVC Act, 2003, not the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. Statement 2 is incorrect as the first Lokpal of India was appointed in 2019, not 2013, and the Lokpal acts as an investigative and recommending body rather than a direct prosecuting authority. Statement 3 is incorrect because the First ARC recommended the establishment of a Lokpal at the Centre and a Lokayukta at the state level, whereas the Act was enacted in 2013, decades after the 1966 report.
Consider the following statements regarding Interplay between the Lokpal, CBI, and the Directorate of Enforcement:
1. The Central Vigilance Commission Act, 2003, establishes the legal basis for the Lokpal to initiate direct attachment of assets through the Directorate of Enforcement in corruption cases involving Group A officers.
2. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, incorporates the Directorate of Enforcement under the administrative supervision of the Lokpal for cases involving proceeds of crime exceeding ten crore rupees.
3. The 2014 amendment to the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002, provides for the automatic transfer of all corruption-related investigation files from the CBI to the Lokpal upon the filing of a preliminary inquiry report.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
All three statements are incorrect because the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, does not grant the Lokpal administrative control over the Directorate of Enforcement (ED) or the CBI, nor does it mandate automatic file transfers or direct asset attachment powers via the CVC Act. The ED operates under the Ministry of Finance and the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), while the Lokpal functions as an independent statutory body with powers to refer cases for investigation, but it remains distinct from the administrative hierarchy of these investigative agencies. Furthermore, no 2014 amendment to the PMLA exists that establishes an automatic transfer mechanism for CBI corruption files to the Lokpal.
Consider the following statements regarding Interplay between the Lokpal, CBI, and the Directorate of Enforcement:
1. Under the 2013 Act, the Lokpal possesses the power of superintendence over the CBI in relation to investigations of offenses under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.
2. The Director of Prosecution in the CBI is appointed by the Central Government on the recommendation of the Central Vigilance Commission, maintaining a functional separation from the Lokpal's direct administrative control.
3. The Lokpal consists of a Chairperson and a maximum of eight members, of whom fifty percent are required to be judicial members as per the 2013 legislation.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as Section 18 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, grants the Lokpal powers of superintendence and direction over the CBI for cases referred to it under the Prevention of Corruption Act. Statement 2 is correct because the Director of Prosecution is appointed by the Central Government based on CVC recommendations, ensuring the Lokpal maintains oversight without direct administrative control over the appointment process. Statement 3 is correct as the Act mandates a Chairperson and up to eight members, with a statutory requirement that 50% of these members must be from the judiciary.
Consider the following statements regarding Reporting requirements and the submission of annual reports to the Parliament:
1. The 2013 Act provides for the submission of quarterly performance reports by the Lokpal to the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice.
2. The Lokpal is empowered to inquire into allegations of corruption against public servants as defined under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.
3. The Chairperson of the Lokpal is appointed by a selection committee that includes the Prime Minister, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, and the Leader of the Opposition.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 mandates the submission of an annual report to the President, who then causes it to be laid before each House of Parliament, rather than quarterly reports to a Standing Committee. Statement 2 is correct as the Lokpal's jurisdiction covers public servants under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, including categories like Group A, B, C, and D officers. Statement 3 is correct because the selection committee for the Chairperson and Members of the Lokpal is chaired by the Prime Minister and includes the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, the Chief Justice of India (or a nominated Judge), and an eminent jurist.
Consider the following statements regarding Whistleblower protection provisions linked to Lokpal investigations:
1. The Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011 was introduced in the Lok Sabha in August 2010 and covers disclosures regarding corruption in the judiciary, including the Supreme Court and High Courts.
2. The Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2014 received the President's assent on 9 May 2014, establishing a mechanism to receive complaints relating to disclosure on any allegation of corruption.
3. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 includes Section 46, which provides for the protection of persons who provide information to the Lokpal regarding corruption.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2014 explicitly excludes the judiciary, including the Supreme Court and High Courts, from its ambit. Statement 2 is correct as the Act received Presidential assent on 9 May 2014 to create a statutory mechanism for reporting corruption or misuse of power by public servants. Statement 3 is correct because Section 46 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 specifically mandates the protection of whistleblowers who provide information to the Lokpal, ensuring their identity remains confidential and they are shielded from victimization.
Consider the following statements regarding Jurisdiction of Lokpal over Prime Minister and specific exemptions:
1. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act received the assent of the President of India on 1 January 2014.
2. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act of 2013 provides for the exclusion of the Prime Minister from the purview of the Lokpal, and this provision was upheld by the Supreme Court in the 2014 Writ Petition regarding the institution's independence.
3. The jurisdiction of the Lokpal encompasses the Prime Minister, except in matters related to international relations, external and internal security, and public order.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, received Presidential assent on January 1, 2014. Statement 3 is correct because the Act brings the Prime Minister under the Lokpal's jurisdiction, subject to specific exclusions regarding international relations, external and internal security, public order, atomic energy, and space. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Act explicitly includes the Prime Minister within the Lokpal's purview, and no Supreme Court ruling has upheld an exclusion of the Prime Minister from the institution's jurisdiction.
Consider the following statements regarding Jurisdiction of Lokpal over Prime Minister and specific exemptions:
1. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, provides that proceedings against the Prime Minister shall be held in camera and the records thereof shall not be published or made available to the public.
2. The Chairperson of the Lokpal is required to be either a former Chief Justice of India or a former Judge of the Supreme Court of India.
3. The Lokpal is empowered to initiate suo motu investigations into allegations of corruption against the Prime Minister, and the Chairperson is appointed by the President upon the recommendation of a committee chaired by the Chief Justice of India.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as Section 53 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, mandates that proceedings against the Prime Minister be held in camera to protect national interest. Statement 2 is correct because the Chairperson must be a former Chief Justice or a former Judge of the Supreme Court. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Lokpal cannot initiate suo motu investigations against the Prime Minister, and the selection committee is chaired by the Prime Minister, not the Chief Justice of India.
Consider the following statements regarding Financial autonomy and administrative independence of the Lokpal office:
1. The Chairperson of the Lokpal holds the authority to transfer officers of the Central Bureau of Investigation assigned to the Lokpal's Prosecution Wing without seeking prior concurrence from the Department of Personnel and Training.
2. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 includes provisions for the creation of a dedicated Lokpal Fund, which receives voluntary contributions from public sector undertakings to supplement the grants provided by the Union Government.
3. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 establishes a separate Parliamentary Committee on Lokpal to oversee the annual budget estimates before they are submitted to the Ministry of Finance for final approval.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the transfer of CBI officers assigned to the Lokpal's Prosecution Wing requires the approval of the Central Government, not just the Chairperson. Statement 2 is incorrect as the Act does not provide for a 'Lokpal Fund' based on voluntary contributions; instead, the administrative expenses are charged to the Consolidated Fund of India. Statement 3 is incorrect because there is no provision for a separate Parliamentary Committee to oversee the Lokpal's budget; the budget is prepared and submitted through standard government procedures under the administrative control of the Department of Personnel and Training.
Consider the following statements regarding Powers of the Inquiry Wing and Prosecution Wing of the Lokpal:
1. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 provides for the appointment of the Director of Inquiry by the Chairperson of the Lokpal, who holds office for a fixed term of seven years.
2. The Inquiry Wing conducts preliminary inquiries into complaints against public servants, and its findings are submitted directly to the President of India for final administrative action.
3. The Prosecution Wing is empowered to initiate proceedings before the Special Court, and the Director of Prosecution functions under the administrative control of the Central Vigilance Commission.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the Director of Inquiry is appointed by the Lokpal, but the Act does not prescribe a fixed seven-year term. Statement 2 is incorrect as the Inquiry Wing submits its report to the Lokpal bench, not the President, and the Lokpal decides whether to proceed further. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Director of Prosecution functions under the administrative control of the Lokpal, not the Central Vigilance Commission.
Consider the following statements regarding Statutory status and independence mechanisms under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013:
1. At least fifty percent of the members of the Lokpal are drawn from among persons belonging to the SC, ST, OBC, minorities, and women.
2. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act received the assent of the President of India on 1 January 2014.
3. The Lokpal consists of a Chairperson and a maximum of eight members, of whom fifty percent are judicial members.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as Section 4(4) of the Act mandates that 50% of members must be from SC, ST, OBC, minorities, and women. Statement 2 is correct because the Act, passed by Parliament in 2013, received Presidential assent on January 1, 2014, and came into force on January 16, 2014. Statement 3 is correct as the Lokpal consists of a Chairperson and up to eight members, with the legal requirement that 50% of the total members must be judicial members.
Consider the following statements regarding Interplay between the Lokpal, CBI, and the Directorate of Enforcement:
1. Section 20 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, provides that the CBI shall submit its investigation report directly to the Lokpal in cases referred by the institution.
2. The Directorate of Enforcement operates under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002, which functions as a distinct legal framework from the Lokpal's oversight of corruption-related offenses.
3. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, empowers the Lokpal to authorize the CBI to conduct a preliminary inquiry into complaints against public servants under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as Section 20(1) of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, mandates the CBI to submit its investigation report directly to the Lokpal for cases referred by it. Statement 2 is correct because the Directorate of Enforcement operates under the PMLA, 2002, which maintains a distinct legal framework from the Lokpal's jurisdiction, though the Lokpal can coordinate with other agencies. Statement 3 is correct because Section 20(1) explicitly empowers the Lokpal to direct a preliminary inquiry by the CBI into complaints of corruption against public servants under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.
Consider the following statements regarding The concept of 'Public Servant' as defined under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act:
1. The Act includes the Comptroller and Auditor General of India and the Chief Election Commissioner as public servants, granting the Lokpal investigative powers over their administrative staff.
2. The definition of public servant extends to employees of private sector companies that have entered into contracts with the government for projects valued above fifty crore rupees.
3. State-level ministers and members of the Legislative Assembly are included in the definition of public servant under the 2013 Act, which provides a uniform standard for both central and state entities.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, does not include the CAG or CEC under the jurisdiction of the Lokpal. Statement 2 is incorrect as the Act does not extend to employees of private sector companies, regardless of the value of government contracts. Statement 3 is incorrect because the 2013 Act is primarily concerned with central-level public functionaries; the establishment and jurisdiction of Lokayuktas for state-level ministers and MLAs are governed by separate state-specific legislations, not the central Act.
Consider the following statements regarding Variations in the structure and powers of Lokayuktas across different Indian states:
1. The Madhya Pradesh Lokayukta and Up-Lokayukta Adhiniyam, 1981, includes the Governor of the state within the definition of public functionaries subject to investigation by the Lokayukta.
2. The Odisha Lokayukta Act, 2014, follows the model of the central legislation by providing for the appointment of the Lokayukta through a selection committee chaired by the Chief Justice of the High Court.
3. The Punjab Lokpal Act, 1996, establishes a multi-member body consisting of a Lokpal and two Upa-Lokpals, with the power to investigate complaints against the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is incorrect because the Madhya Pradesh Lokayukta Act specifically excludes the Governor, Chief Justice, and Judges from its jurisdiction. Statement 2 is incorrect as the Odisha Lokayukta Act, 2014, mandates that the selection committee be chaired by the Chief Minister, not the Chief Justice. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Punjab Lokpal Act, 1996, does not include the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly under the investigative purview of the Lokpal.
Consider the following statements regarding The role of the Lokpal in overseeing foreign contribution regulations (FCRA):
1. The Lokpal is associated with the administrative appellate process for FCRA registration cancellations, and it currently serves as the final adjudicating authority for appeals filed under Section 16 of the 2010 Act.
2. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, empowers the Lokpal to inquire into allegations of corruption against public servants who receive foreign contributions in violation of the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010.
3. The Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Act, 2020, provides for the direct oversight of the Lokpal over the renewal of FCRA licenses for NGOs, and this amendment is integrated into the 2013 Act's schedule.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct because the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, mandates the Lokpal to inquire into corruption allegations against public servants, including those involving illicit foreign contributions under the FCRA. Statement 1 is incorrect because the Lokpal has no role in the FCRA administrative appellate process; appeals under Section 16 of the FCRA, 2010, are handled by the appellate authority designated by the Central Government, typically the Ministry of Home Affairs. Statement 3 is incorrect as the FCRA Amendment Act, 2020, does not grant the Lokpal oversight powers regarding NGO license renewals; such regulatory functions remain strictly under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Home Affairs.
Consider the following statements regarding Reporting requirements and the submission of annual reports to the Parliament:
1. The President of India causes the annual report of the Lokpal to be laid before each House of Parliament as per the statutory requirements.
2. The Lokpal submits its annual report directly to the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, who then forwards the document to the Rajya Sabha Secretariat for formal record-keeping.
3. The Lokpal submits an annual report to the President of India under the provisions of Section 48 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Under Section 48 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, the Lokpal is legally mandated to submit its annual report to the President of India, who then causes it to be laid before each House of Parliament, making statements 1 and 3 correct. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Act does not provide for the Lokpal to submit reports directly to the Speaker of the Lok Sabha; the reporting channel is exclusively through the President to both Houses of Parliament.
Consider the following statements regarding Procedures for the removal and impeachment of the Chairperson and Members of Lokpal:
1. The Chairperson or any Member of the Lokpal is removed from office by order of the President on the ground of misbehavior after an inquiry by the Supreme Court.
2. A petition for the removal of the Chairperson or a Member of the Lokpal is signed by at least 100 members of Parliament before being presented to the President.
3. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act received the assent of the President of India on 1 January 2014 and came into force on 16 January 2014.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the Chairperson or any Member of the Lokpal can be removed by the President only on the ground of misbehavior after an inquiry by the Supreme Court. Statement 2 is correct because the Act mandates that a petition for removal must be signed by at least 100 members of Parliament before being presented to the President. Statement 3 is correct as the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, received Presidential assent on 1 January 2014 and officially came into force on 16 January 2014.
Consider the following statements regarding Whistleblower protection provisions linked to Lokpal investigations:
1. The Central Vigilance Commission is designated as the competent authority to receive complaints under the Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2014, for disclosures concerning central government employees.
2. The 2015 Amendment to the Whistle Blowers Protection Act introduced provisions for the appointment of a National Whistleblower Commissioner to oversee investigations conducted by the Lokpal.
3. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 empowers the Lokpal to recommend the transfer or posting of any public servant referred to in the complaint if there is a risk of victimization.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct as the Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2014 designates the CVC as the competent authority to receive complaints regarding corruption or misuse of power by central government employees. Statement 3 is correct because Section 19 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, explicitly empowers the Lokpal to recommend the transfer or suspension of a public servant to protect whistleblowers or witnesses from victimization. Statement 2 is incorrect because the 2015 Amendment Bill, which proposed several changes, was never enacted into law, and no such provision for a National Whistleblower Commissioner exists under the current legal framework.